bio 2

Here’s a study guide based on your chapter questions — organized by topic and simplified for easy review before a test or quiz.

🧪Chapter 1 — The Scientific MethodExperiment Summary

A student observed that uncovered water evaporates, while covered water does not.

Key Concepts

Question	Answer / Concept
1. Statement A	Observation / Problem — The student is asking a question (“I wonder why...”) which begins the scientific method.
2. Statement B	Hypothesis — A prediction of what will happen (“The water level will not change...”).
3. Independent Variable	Whether the glass is covered or uncovered (the condition the student changes).
4. Control	The covered glass (since it’s not exposed to air).
5. Type of Observations	Quantitative (measuring water levels) and Qualitative (visual observations).
6. Showing Quantitative Results	Use a data table or graph to display daily water level measurements.

⚛Chapter 2 — Chemistry of Life

Concept	Definition / Example
7. Smallest unit of matter	Atom
8. Bond when electrons are transferred	Ionic bond
9. Bond when electrons are shared	Covalent bond
10. Polarity of Water	Positive (+) side: Hydrogen (A)Negative (–) side: Oxygen (B)
11. Bonds within a water molecule	Covalent bonds
12. Bonds between water molecules	Hydrogen bonds
13. Difference	Covalent = within a molecule; Hydrogen = between molecules
14. Attraction of water to itself	Cohesion
15. Attraction of water to other substances	Adhesion

Acids, Bases, and Neutral Substances

Macromolecules Chart

#	Macromolecule	Elements	Monomers	Examples
17	Lipid	C, H, O	Fatty acids + glycerol	Fats, oils, waxes
18	Protein	C, H, O, N	Amino acids	Enzymes, meat, beans
19	Nucleic Acid	C, H, O, N, P	Nucleotides	DNA, RNA
20. Organic Element	Carbon (C)

🌱Chapter 7 — Cells

Question	Answer
21. Plant Cell	Figure with cell wall + chloroplasts
22. Animal Cell	Figure with no cell wall/chloroplasts
23. Contains chloroplasts	Plant cell
24. Contains cell wall	Plant cell
25. Eukaryotic Cell	Both (Plant & Animal); Example: Human, Leaf cell
26. Prokaryotic Cell	Neither diagram (bacteria); Example: E. coli

Cell Theory

Part of Original Cell Theory
All living things are made of cells
Cells are the basic unit of structure and function
All cells come from pre-existing cells

Additional modern additions: energy flow, DNA inheritance, chemical composition similarities → part of the Modern Cell Theory.

Cell Organelles & Functions

Organelle	Function
Cell membrane	Controls what enters/leaves cell
Cell wall	Provides support & structure (plants)
Chloroplast	Photosynthesis
Cytoplasm	Jelly-like fluid where organelles float
Golgi body	Packages & ships proteins
Mitochondria	Produces ATP (energy)
Nucleolus	Makes ribosomes
Ribosome	Makes proteins
Smooth ER	Makes lipids, detoxifies
Vacuole	Stores water & nutrients

🔬Transport Across Membranes

Term	Definition
50. Protein channels	(D) Channels that help substances cross the membrane
51. Exocytosis	(F) Moves particles out of cell
52. Endocytosis	(B) Brings particles into cell
53. Facilitated diffusion	(H) Uses protein channels; no energy
54. Diffusion	(G) Movement high → low concentration
55. Osmosis	(A) Movement of water through a membrane
56. Active transport	(C) Requires energy
57. Passive transport	(E) Does not require energy

Transport Comparison Chart

Method	Uses Energy?	Direction	Uses Proteins?	Active/Passive
Simple Diffusion	No	High → Low	No	Passive
Osmosis	No	High → Low (of water)	No	Passive
Facilitated Diffusion	No	High → Low	Yes	Passive
Active Transport	Yes	Low → High	Yes	Active
Endocytosis	Yes	Into cell	N/A	Active
Exocytosis	Yes	Out of cell	N/A	Active

Water Movement

Situation	Solution Type	Water Moves…
59. Solute outside is higher	Hypertonic	Out of cell (cell shrinks)
60. Solute outside is lower	Hypotonic	Into cell (cell swells)
61. Solute equal	Isotonic	No net movement
62–63.	Water moves toward higher solute concentration (to reach equilibrium)

🧬True/False Review

#	Statement	Correction if False
64	False → “A group of organs that work together are organ systems.”
65	False → Enzymes are affected by pH and temperature.
66	True
67	True
68	True (10 mm = 1 cm)
69	False → Enzymes speed up reactions.
70	False → A group of similar cells that work together = tissue.
71	False → That’s metabolism, not homeostasis.
72	True
73	False → Water is polar, not ionic.

🔬Microscope Basics

Question	Answer
74. First focusing knob	Coarse adjustment knob
75. Carry by	Arm and base
76. Medium/high power focus	Fine adjustment knob
77. Adjust light	Diaphragm
78. Wet mount	Place specimen on slide → drop of water → cover slip at an angle to avoid bubbles. Used to view living or moving cells.

🧫Levels of Organization

Cells → Tissues → Organs → Organ Systems → Organism