Animalia Kingdom Notes

Animal Evolution

  • How are animals classified?

    • Tissue layers
    • Body cavities
    • Reproduction
    • Symmetry
    • Development
    • Anatomical features
    • Digestion

  • Animal Evolution Cladogram Analysis:

    • According to the cladogram, protists are suspected to be the ancient common ancestor for all animals.
    • According to the cladogram, sponges are considered the "original" animal.

  • Animal Symmetry

    • What is symmetry?
      • The similarity or balance among body structures of organisms.
    • Identify the three types of animal symmetry.
      • Asymmetry
      • Radial Symmetry
      • Bilateral Symmetry

  • Types of Symmetry:

    • Asymmetry: Body cannot be divided into even halves.
    • Radial Symmetry: Evenly divided halves radiating from a central point. Oral Surface: Surface with mouth. Aboral Surface: Opposite of mouth.
    • Bilateral Symmetry: Body can be divided into mirror image halves.
      • Annelids, or segmented worms, are most closely related to arthropods.

  • Symmetry Identification:

    • Human: B (Bilateral)
    • Butterfly: B (Bilateral)
    • Sand dollar: R (Radial)
    • Sea sponge: A (Asymmetrical)
    • Alligator: B (Bilateral)
    • Snail: B (Bilateral)
    • Spider: B (Bilateral)
    • Coral: R (Radial)
    • Starfish: R (Radial)

  • Invertebrate Embryonic Development:

    • Echinoderms exhibit embryonic development most similarly to that of humans (a chordate).

  • Terms of Direction:

    • Anterior
    • Posterior
    • Dorsal
    • Ventral

Kingdom Animalia Characteristics

  • Characteristics that all animals share:
    • Number of Cells: Multicellular
    • Cell Type: Eukaryotic
    • Obtaining Nutrition: Heterotrophic
    • Ability to move
    • Cell Support: Cell membrane
    • Reproduction: Sexual & asexual

Animal Cell Structures

  • Functions of some important animal cell structures.

Animal Organization

  • Cells $\rightarrow$ Tissues $\rightarrow$ Organs $\rightarrow$ Organ Systems $\rightarrow$ Organisms
  • 95% of all animals are invertebrates.

Endoskeletons vs. Exoskeletons

  • Exoskeletons:
    • Tough outer covering
    • Provide protection
    • Prevent water loss
    • Must be shed as it grows
    • Invertebrates
  • Endoskeletons:
    • Internal framework of support
    • Vertebrates, endoskeleton with backbone

Animal Habitats

  • Where in the world can animals be found?
    • Marine waters
    • Freshwater
    • Terrestrial
    • & More!

Animal Reproduction

  • Most animals reproduce sexually.
  • Examples of asexual reproduction in animals:
    • Fragmentation
    • Budding
    • Regeneration
  • Earthworms are hermaphrodites.
  • Internal Fertilization:
    • Sperm & egg join as a zygote inside animal's body.
  • External Fertilization:
    • Sperm & egg form zygote outside of the body.

Animal Development

  • Early Animal Development:

    • Sperm fertilizes egg leading to cell stage, then 2-cell stage, blastula, and gastrula.

  • Gastrula Tissue Layers:

    • Endoderm: (innermost layer)
    • Ectoderm: (outermost layer)
    • Mesoderm: (middle layer) nourished by placenta