Page 1: Crime & Deviance

• Functionalism and crime

  • Merton's strain theory: crime occurs due to the desire to achieve the American Dream

    • Responses to strain: retreatism, rebellion, innovation, conformity, ritualism

  • Hirschi's control theory: explains why people are law-abiding citizens

    • Factors: involvement, commitment, attachment, belief

  • Durkheim's four functions of crime: social control, reaffirming boundaries, changing values, social cohesion, safety valve

• Subcultural theories and crime

  • Cohen's status frustration and subcultures

    • Conflict subcultures and retreatist subcultures

  • Matza's techniques of neutralization

  • Willis and Ohlin's focal concerns

  • Miller's focal concerns: toughness, excitement, smartness, autonomy, fate

• Interactionism and crime

  • Folk devils and deviance amplification

  • Becker's selective law enforcement and labeling theory

  • Braithwaite's reintegrative shaming vs disintegrative shaming

  • Lemert's primary and secondary deviance

• Rational Choice Theory and crime

  • Clarke's rational choice theory

  • Matthews and Young's square of crime

  • Felson and Clarke's routine activities theory

  • Keizer et al.'s study on stealing money in clean areas vs. graft areas

• Marxism and crime

  • Reimers' critique of Marxism

  • Snider's critique of capitalism and white-collar crime

• Neo-Marxism and crime

  • Gordon's view on crime as a rational response to capitalism

  • Shaw and McKay's social disorganization theory

  • Hall and Jefferson's view on crime as resistance to capitalism

  • Gilroy's view on crimes as resistance and protest

• Environmental Theory and crime

  • Sutherland and Cressey's differential association theory

  • Morris' tipping the balance theory

  • Brantingham's people and places theory

  • Young's concept of a bulimic society

• Postmodernism and crime

  • Ragione's view on crime as escapism from low status

  • Foucault's concept of disciplinary power

  • Bauman and Lyon's liquid surveillance

Page 2: Evaluation and Analysis

• Evaluation of theories

  • Critiques of Hirschi's control theory

  • Analysis of the London riots and media influence

  • NSPCC's findings on gang involvement and family problems

• Evaluation of subcultural theories

  • Willis' critique of subcultural theories

  • Ohlin's critique of subcultural theories

  • Analysis of Chad Gordon's mistaken identity shooting

• Evaluation of interactionism and labeling theory

  • Analysis of knife crime and deviance amplification

  • Pillavin and Briar's study on physical cues in arrests

  • Becker's steps of labeling and deviant career

• Evaluation of rational choice theory

  • Area bias in reoffending rates

  • Matthews and Young's square of crime and democratic policing

• Evaluation of Marxism and neo-Marxism

  • Snider's critique of Marxism

  • Taylor et al.'s critique of scapegoating drill music

• Evaluation of environmental theory

  • Critique of determinism in Sutherland and Cressey's theory

  • Analysis of crime in council estates and the concept of tipping the balance

• Evaluation of postmodernism

  • Analysis of crime as escapism from low status

  • Foucault's concept of disciplinary power and liquid surveillance

Page 3: Other Theories and Perspectives

• Left Realism

  • Jones' cycle of urban decline and crime

  • Wilson and Kelling's broken windows theory

• Right Realism

  • AO3 critique of left realism

  • Willmott and Young's critique of broken windows theory

• Postmodernism and crime

  • Ragione's view on crime as escapism from low status

  • Foucault's concept of disciplinary power

  • Bauman and Lyon's liquid surveillance

• Stigmatization and labeling

  • Critique of stigmatizing identities

  • Analysis of the impact of labeling on prostitutes

• Critiques of theories

  • Critique of deterministic approaches

  • Critique of overemphasis on certain factors

• Solutions and policies

  • New Deal 1998 as a solution to relative deprivation

  • Intensification of relative deprivation and its impact on crime

  • Lewis et al.'s study on the desire for consumption and the London riots

• Transgressive approach to crime

  • Milanovic's view on defining crime by social harm

  • Wilson and Kelling's broken windows theory

• Critiques of theories

  • Critique of deterministic approaches

  • Critique of overemphasis on certain factors

• Solutions and policies

  • New Deal 1998 as a solution to relative deprivation

  • Intensification of relative deprivation and its impact on crime

  • Lewis et al.'s study on the desire for consumption and the London riots