NEUROANATOMY-1

INTRODUCTION TO NEUROANATOMY

• Nervous system consists of neurons that coordinate body activities.
• Neuroanatomy studies the structural aspects of the nervous system.

NEURON STRUCTURE

• Neurons are the functional units of the nervous system.
• Synapses are connections with other cells for transmitting impulses.
• Composed of a soma, dendrites, and axon.
• Nissil substance indicates high protein synthesis in neurons.

TYPES OF NEUROGLIAL CELLS

• Microglial: phagocytes for protection.
• Oligodendrocytes: form myelin in CNS.
• Astrocytes: support and connect neurons with blood supply.
• Ependymal cells: line cavities and assist in CSF formation.

TYPES OF NEURONS

• Bipolar: rare, found in the retina.
• Unipolar: sensory neurons in PNS.
• Multipolar: most common, found in the brain.

NEURON FUNCTIONAL DIFFERENCES

• Sensory neurons: transmit signals from receptors to CNS.
• Motor neurons: transmit signals from CNS to muscles and glands.
• Interneurons: integrate information within CNS.

ORGANIZATION OF NERVOUS SYSTEM

• Two main divisions:
  1. Central Nervous System (CNS): brain and spinal cord.
  2. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): all other nerves.

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

• Controls involuntary functions (e.g., heart rate, digestion).
• Divided into:
  • Sympathetic: fight or flight response.
  • Parasympathetic: rest and digest functions.

CEREBRUM AND CEREBRAL CORTEX

• Cerebrum divided into lobes: frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal.
• Each lobe has specific functions related to