Chapter 13 – Inside the Atom

HIGHLIGHTING STUFF

Yellow - Important study guide things

Red - Subtitles

Blue - Important phrases/sentences

Purple - Important words

???? (it has 20 protons, 20 neutrons and 20 electrons that you draw in the nucleus however the electrons are 2 on the first shell, 8 on second, 8 on third, 2 on fourth polonium 218

Random Definitions (from Hannahs knowt flashcards)

Proton: Positively charged subatomic particle found in the nucleus.

Electron: A negatively charged subatomic particle.

Neutron: A subatomic particle with a neutral charge in the nucleus.

Atomic number: The Atomic numbers represent the number of protons in the nucleus of each atom of that element.


Forming Ionic Compounds - 5.6.2024

  • Positively charged ions are called cations

  • Negatively charged ions are called anions

  • These ions can form when a metal reacts with a non-metal by transferring electrons

  • The oppositely charged ions are strongly attracted to each other forming ionic bonds

    • These ionic bonds are strong bonds (they generate electricity so sugoi)

  • There are 3 types of bonds

    • Ionic bonding.

    • Covalent bonding.

    • Metallic bonding.

Radioactive Decay - 12.6.2024

  • Half lives can be calculated from measurements in the change in mass of a nuclide and the time it takes to occur (keep on halving !!!)

  • A nuclide is a particle in the nucleus

  • Metals get more reactive shown in the periodic table going down |

  • Non metals get more reactive going up ^

  • Alpha particles are attracted to the negative particles because they’re positive

  • Beta particles are attracted to the positive particles because they’re negative

  • Gamma Rays are neutral

    • Alpha particles = positively charged

    • Beta particles = negatively charged

    • Gamma rays = neutral

  • Alpha particles are blocked by paper and thin things

  • Beta particles can be blocked by a few mm of aluminium

  • Gamma rays can be blocked by 3 meters of concrete or 3cm of lead or iron

  • The emission of alpha particles is called alpha-decay

  • Radiation is everywhere and it is called background radiation

  • Ion means that it’s got a charge

Radiation & Medicine -12.6.2024

Video Notes

  • Fluorine 18 can be used for ???? traces

  • Positrons are electrons with a positive charge (β+)

  • PET scans use photons to _____

  • Nuclear reactions can produce gamma rays

  • Technetium - 99m notes

    • It decays quickly which makes it difficult to deliver

    • It has a half life of 6 hours

    • It’s relatively expensive to produce

    • Advantages of using techetium-99m

      • The radioisotope technetium-99m decays by gamma emission which have the lowest ionizing ability, so its the least harmful to the patient and the least likely to cause genetic damage.

      • They’re also the most penetrative type of radiation, so they’re easily detected and used to produce high-quality images.

      • It’s short half-life minimizes the patients exposure to radiation

  • Mo - 99

Medical Imaging for Diagnosis

  • Gamma cameras can detect gamma radiation emitted from radioscopes administered to the patient, so an image of various organs can be made and used by medical doctors for diagnosis

  • Small amounts of radioactive substances (radioactive tracers) are used to diagnose and monitor the progression of diseases

    • Examples include:

      • Iodine-123 for thyroid imaging

      • Technetium - 99m for bone scans

  • Co-60 equation

    • Atomic mass → 60 60

      • t Co ——> Ni + -i/β

    • Atomic number →27 27

      • M:60=60+0 (M is the atomic mass)

      • Z:27=28-1 (Z is the atomic number)

Calculating Half Life Question Examples - 13.6.2024

  • If there are 60 grams of Np-240 present, how much Np-240 will remail after 4 hours? (Np-240 had a half-life of 1 hour)

    • Solution

      • The amount of mass remaining = (½)⁴ x 60 = 3.75g

      • or

      • Half until you get the answer

Try this one!: A sample originally contained 8.0mg of the radioisotope Ac-225.

After 720 hours, how much of the original Ac-225 remains given that the half-life of this isotopes

Solution:

  1. Convert the hours to days, 720÷24 = 30 days

  2. Half

Groups and Periods -13.6.2024

  • Groups (Columns) in the Periodic Table have similar properties

    • Non metals have properties in common such as;

      • High ionization energies and electronegativities

      • They are poor conductors of electricity and heat

      • Solid nonmetals are generally brittle

    • Metals have properties in common such as ;

      • They’re lustrous (shiny)

      • They’re malleable

      • They’re ductile

      • Metals are solids at room temperature with the exception of mercury, which is liquid at room temperature

  • Elements in each period group have the same number of electron shells

  • Metalloids have some properties of metals and some properties of non-metals

Alloys-13.6.2024

  • An alloy is a mixture of chemical elements of which at least one is a metal

Study Guide

a. identify that all matter is made of atoms which are composed of protons, neutrons and electrons (ACSSU177)

b. describe the structure of atoms in terms of the nucleus, protons, neutrons and electrons

  1. I am able to draw atoms, including the electrons in electron shells and I know the rules governing the arrangement of electrons in the shells.

  2. I understand what an ion is.

    Ions are formed when an atom gains or loses electrons from the outermost energy shell.

  3. I understand what an isotope is.

    Atoms that are the same element but have a different amount and neutrons and same amount of protons

  4. I understand what the Atomic number represents

    The Atomic numbers represent the number of protons in the nucleus of each atom of that element.

  5. I understand what the Mass number represents

    The Mass number represents the total number of protons and neutrons.

  6. I am able to correctly identify how many neutrons, protons and electrons an atom should have based on its atomic number and mass number.

    YES!!!!

d. identify that natural radioactivity arises from the decay of nuclei in atoms, releasing particles and energy (ACSSU177)

  1. I understand the nature and behavior of Alpha nuclear radiation

  3. I understand the nature and behavior of Beta nuclear radiation

  4. I understand the nature and behavior of Gamma nuclear radiation

  5. I am able to calculate how the atomic number and mass number of an atom will change after radioactive decay.

  6. I understand the term half-life when referring to radioactive decay

  7. I am able to calculate the number of radioactive isotopes using a half-life graph.

  8. I am able to identify the benefits and dangers of using radioactive isotopes in industry and medicine.

  • Sterilization of medical equipment is an important use of radioisotopes.

  • Exposing patient to radiation which is damaging for organs

  • Technetium-99m can be used to:

    • Monitor blood flow to detect clogged arteries

    • Image tumours and growths

    • And, observe organs.

c. describe the organization of elements in the Periodic Table using their atomic number

d. relate the properties of some common elements to their position in the Periodic Table

predict, using the Periodic Table, the properties of some common elements

 I understand where metals, metalloids and non-metals are found in the

periodic table.

 I know properties of metals and non-metals.

 I am able to identify trends in the periodic table.

 I am able to identify how elements are arranged into periods and groups

in the periodic tables based on properties of elements and the structure

of atoms. .

Series circuits and parallel circuits

  • A series circuit has one componenet connected straight onto the next

  • there is onyl one route through