Philosophy 101 Final Study Guide
<<Republic Book VII:<<
The Cave:
→Fire→STATUES→a man→wall w/ SHADOWS
In the Cave you are hidden away from the word of Forms and higher knowledge
One is blinded when he goes from [the light→dark and dark→light]
Education: the craft of converting the soul (turning around in the cave to see the statue rather than the shadow on the wall)-figuring out how to turn your soul →higher things
- Education allows people to come to see the forms
- The blinded in the cave believe the truth is nothing other than the shadows of the artifacts
The sun is the highest of the forms. Source of all other forms
[[Republic Book IX:[[
Arguments in answer to the main question of the Republic: Is the just man happier?
<<1st Argument: by finding which city is happiest→which soul is happiest<<
Basis/implicit premise: city types match soul types: happy city →happy soul, unhappy city→unhappy soul
- Tyranny is a very unhappy city: tyranny is an unjust city: something is ruling which shouldn’t be
- The most unjust soul is the most unhappy
- Therefore most just city is the most happy→most just soul is the most happy
[[2nd Argument: from the ability to judge pleasures corresponding to each part of the soul[[
- 3 kinds of pleasures: reason, spirited, appetite
- People tend to think their own pleasures are the best
- The philosopher’s judgment about pleasures can be most trusted (needs to be defended): the philosopher has experienced all 3 kinds of pleasures→best position to judge them (the best way of knowing something is experience)
- The philosopher holds that the pleasures of reason which are the pleasures of justice are the best
THEREFORE, the just man is the most happy
{{Republic Book X:{{
What Socrates says about how the just are ultimately treated by gods and men:
When the just man is stripped of reputation: justice is worthwhile regardless: in the end the just will be rewarded
}}Aristotle:}}
What he has in common with Plato:
The forms: unchanging ways of being that are knowable
How his worldview is different: The individual ways of being that are knowable are in the individual instances, Plato says they are in the separate world of forms
The four causes:
Material (intrinsic): that out of which
Formal (intrinsic): what defines the essence
Efficient (extrinsic): that from which
Final (extrinsic): that for the sake of which
[[Logic:[[
}}Statements:}}
A: Universal affirmation: Every B is (or has) A, A belongs to every B.
E: Universal denial: No B is (or has) A, A belongs to no B.
I: Particular affirmation: Some B is (or has) A, A belongs to some B.
O: Particular denial: Some B is not (or has not) A, A does not belong to some B.
{{Conversion:{{
The universal denial converts universally: No B is A converts into No A is B.
The universal affirmation converts into a particular affirmation: Every B is A converts into Some A is B.
The particular affirmation converts into a particular affirmation: Some B is A converts into Some A is B.
The particular denial does not convert.
]]Moods of Syllogisms:]]
Barbara:
Every B is A.
Every C is B.
Therefore, every C is A.
Example: Every X is Y and every Z is X. Every Z is Y.
Celarent:
No B is A.
Every C is B.
No C is A.
Example: No gas is solid and all hydrogen is gas. No hydrogen is solid.
Darii:
Every B is A.
Some C is B.
Some C is A.
Example: Every bird has feathers and some swimming animals are bids. Some swimming animals have feathers.
Ferio:
No B is A.
Some C is B.
Some C is not A.
Example: No fish has feathers and some swimming animals are fish. Some swimming animals do not have feathers.
Modus Ponens:
If X is true, then Y is true.
X is true.
Therefore, Y is true.
Example: If triangles have angles equal to 180 degrees, then squares have angles equal to 360 degrees.
Triangles have angles equal to 180 degrees.
Therefore, squares have angles equal to 360 degrees.
Modus Tollens:
If X is true, then Y is true.
Y is false.
Therefore, X is false.
Example: If virtue is knowledge, then virtue is teachable.
But virtue is not knowledge.
Therefore, virtue is not teachable.