APHUG UNIT 2 vocabulary

Geography Vocabulary and Definitions

Population & Demography

  • Emigration: Leaving an area as part of a permanent move.
  • Immigration: Coming into an area as part of a permanent move.
  • Population distribution: The pattern of where people live.
  • Agricultural density: The ratio of farmers to arable land.
    Agricultural\ Density = \frac{Number\ of\ Farmers}{Amount\ of\ Arable\ Land}
  • Arable land: Land that can be farmed.
  • Arithmetic density: Total people divided by total land area.
    Arithmetic\ Density = \frac{Total\ Number\ of\ People}{Total\ Land\ Area}
  • Ecumene: Permanently inhabited portion of the earth.
  • Physiological density: Number of people per unit of arable land.
    Physiological\ Density = \frac{Number\ of\ People}{Unit\ of\ Arable\ Land}
  • Carrying capacity: Max population size an environment can sustain.
  • Overpopulation: Not enough resources to support a population.
  • Replacement-fertility level: Population neither growing nor shrinking (NIR of 0 or TFR of 2.1).
  • Age/sex ratio: Comparison of males and females of different ages.
  • Population pyramid: Graph of population by age and sex.
  • Zero population growth (ZPG): Country reaches replacement level fertility.
  • Crude Birth Rate (CBR): Number of live births per 1,000 people.
  • Crude Death Rate (CDR): Number of deaths per 1,000 people.
  • Demography: The study of population.
  • Doubling time: Time for a population to double.
  • Fecundity: Fertility.
  • Fertility: Number of live births in a population.
  • Infant mortality rate (IMR): Deaths of children under one year old per 1,000 live births.
  • Mortality: Number of deaths in a population.
  • Rate of Natural Increase (RNI) / Natural Increase Rate (NIR): (Birth rate - death rate)/10.
    NIR = \frac{Birth\ Rate - Death\ Rate}{10}
  • Total fertility rate (TFR): Average number of children a woman is predicted to have.

Models & Transitions

  • Demographic Transition Model (DTM): Model of how countries progress in terms of CBR, CDR, and population.
  • Epidemiologic Transition: Distinctive causes of death in each stage of the DTM.

Population Policies

  • Antinatalist policies: Incentives to have fewer children.
  • Pronatalist policies: Incentives to have more children.
  • Contraception: Methods to prevent pregnancy.

Population Structure

  • Dependency ratio: Ratio of non-workers to workers.
  • Graying population: Larger portion of older people due to declining birth rates.
  • Life expectancy: Average number of years a person is expected to live.

Migration

  • Intervening obstacle: Difficulty preventing migration.
  • Intervening opportunity: Favorable circumstance to stop migration.
  • Pull factor: Motivator drawing people into an area.
  • Push factor: Force motivating people to leave an area.
  • Asylum seeker: Person seeking residence fleeing persecution.
  • Chain migration: Migration series pulled by contacts.
  • Forced migration: Migration due to no other choice.
  • Guest worker: Legal immigrant allowed to work temporarily.
  • Internally displaced persons: Fleeing home but remaining in the country.
  • Refugee: Flees home country and cannot return.
  • Step-migration: Migration in stages.
  • Transhumance: Moving herds seasonally.
  • Transnational migration: Moving across a border.
  • Voluntary migration: Choosing to migrate.
  • Brain drain: Educated workers leaving for opportunities.
  • Net migration: Difference between immigrants and emigrants per 1,000 inhabitants.
  • Unauthorized immigrant: Person moving into a country without authorization.

Other

  • Industrial Revolution: Economic and social changes from technology changes starting in England in 1760.
  • Environmental degradation: Deterioration of the environment through depletion of resources.
  • Urban: Having to do with cities
  • Natural hazards: Amie Internal migration Kim