Dance Anatomy and Kinesiology Notes.
Principles and exercises for improving technique and avoiding common injuries, 2nd edition. Clippinger, Karen. Human Kinetics, 2016.
Human anatomy - the science of the structure of the human body
Kinesiology - the science of human motion.
Mechanics - a branch of physics concerned with energy and forces and their effect on bodies and motion. (p. ix)
Chapter 1: The Skeletal System and its Movements
Primary Tissues of the Body
There are four different primary tissue types: muscle, nervous, epithelial, and connective tissues.
Muscle tissue - has the ability to contract and is found in the heart, organs (smooth muscle), and in the skeletal mucles.
Nervous tissue - neurons are cells able to generate and conduct electrical messages; and neuroglia help support neurons.
Epithelial tissue - is composed of cells that fit closely together to form continuous sheets, or membranes, that cover and line surfaces of the body or form glands.
Connective tissue - functions to bind, support, insulate, and protect structures and can be further divided into connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone, and blood.
Organ - a structure that performs a specific function for the body and is composed of two to four of the primary tissues.
System - organs working closely together for a common function.
Skeletal system - composed of all of the bones of the body, related cartilages and ligaments, and the joints that connect these bones together.
Bone Composition and Structure
(pg3)
Bone contains inorganic minerals, mainly calcium salts, in the space between bone cells (extracellular matrix) that give bone its compressive strength (the ability to resist a force that would tend to push together or crush a bone). Bone also contains organic fibrous proteins called collagen fibers that give bone its tensile strength (the ability to resist a pulling force that would tend to pull a bone apart). These combined properties enable bones to support weight and withstand various forces during movement and impact.
Osteoblasts - build new bone
Osteoclasts - break down or remove bone
Resorption - the breakdown or removal of bone
Functions of Bone
Support: Provides an internal rigid framework for the body that is essential for stability and form.
Protection: Shields vital organs from injury
Movement: Bones assist with movement by forming the rigid links (levers) that are moved at joints when muscles contract.
Blood Cell Production: Some bones contain tissue that is responsible for the production of blood cells.
Mineral Storage: Various important minerals including calcium are stored within bones. Bone contains 99% of the calcium in the body.