Ap bio functional groups !!

Functional Groups in Organic Chemistry

Overview of Functional Groups

• Functional groups are specific groups of atoms within molecules that are responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of those molecules.

Hydroxyl Group

• Structure: -OH

• This group consists of an oxygen atom bonded to a hydrogen atom.

• Examples:

  • Ethanol (C2H5OH): A simple alcohol that contains the hydroxyl group.

Amino Group

• Structure: -NH₂

• Composed of a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms.

• Example:

  • Methylamine (C1H3N): An amine that contains the amino group.

Phosphate Group

• Structure: -OPO(OH)₂

• Contains one phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms.

• Example:

  • Glycerol Phosphate: A compound that includes the phosphate group along with a glycerol backbone (H-C-C-C-O-P-O, HHH).

Carbonyl Group

• Structure: C=O

• Characterized by a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom.

• Common in ketones and aldehydes.

• Example:

  • Acetone (C3H6O): A common ketone where the carbonyl group is part of the structure.

Sulfhydryl Group

• Structure: -SH

• Composed of a sulfur atom bonded to a hydrogen atom.

• Example:

  • Cysteine: An amino acid that contains the sulfhydryl group.

Carboxyl Group

• Structure: -COOH

• A combination of a carbonyl and a hydroxyl group bound to the same carbon atom.

• Example:

  • Acetic Acid (C2H4O2): Also known as ethanoic acid, a common carboxylic acid.

Methyl Group

• Structure: -CH₃

• Composed of one carbon atom bonded to three hydrogen atoms.

• Example:

  • Methyl Formate (HCOOCH₃): An ester which contains the methyl group.