Conspiracy Theory and Populism

Article Information

  • Title: Conspiracy Theory and Populism

  • Authors: Eiríkur Bergmann, Michael Butter

  • Publisher: Routledge

  • Published Online: 26 Feb 2020

  • Accessed on: 09 Aug 2022

  • Cite As: Bergmann, E., & Butter, M. (2020). Conspiracy Theory and Populism. Routledge Handbook of Conspiracy Theories.

Introduction

  • Populist movements have risen globally in the last two decades.

  • Major democracies with populist leaders include Brazil, Indonesia, the USA, and India.

  • In Europe, populism has gained traction, influencing political agendas and discussions, exemplified by Brexit and immigration debates.

  • Populist leaders use conspiratorial rhetoric to connect with followers, signaling a need for more comprehensive research on this relationship.

Defining Populism

  • Originates from the Latin word "populus", meaning "the people".

  • Central to the concept of populism is the division between "the pure people" and "the corrupt elite".

  • Various interpretations exist: political strategy, discourse, performance, and as a thin ideology paired with thicker ideologies like nationalism.

  • Key characteristics of populism include:

    • Binary worldview: Society divided into two antagonistic groups.

    • Moral worldview: Populists glorify the people while criticizing elites.

    • Political style: Often dramatizes and simplifies issues to evoke emotional responses.

Connections between Populism and Conspiracy Theories

  • Similarities: Both terms are often viewed as derogatory, linked to extremism, and perceived as responses to globalization.

  • Research gaps: Minimal exploration of the systematic relationship between populism and conspiracy theories despite shared characteristics.

  • Key observations:

    • Conspiratorial thinking often aligns with populist ideology.

    • Conspiracy theories can serve as mobilization tools for populist leaders.

Case Studies

  • Nordic Anti-Immigrant Rhetoric:

    • Anti-immigration discourse shifted in Denmark from liberalism to portraying certain groups as threats.

    • Rise of parties like the Danish People’s Party influenced public sentiment regarding immigration.

  • Donald Trump’s Campaign:

    • Used populist and conspiratorial rhetoric strategically.

    • His message evolved to focus on the dichotomy between the people and the elite during his campaign, particularly during high-stakes moments like his Presidential announcements and debates.

Key Findings and Conclusions

  • Conspiracy theories can be integrated within populist movements without being universally accepted.

  • Importance of future research into the dynamics of conspiracy beliefs among ordinary members versus leadership strategies.

  • Encourages a more nuanced understanding of how conspiracy theories operate within populist discourses, pointing out the potential for both acceptance and rejection of such theories within movements.