Slide 1

Chapter 1 Ink

Terminology

• Biology: Study of living organisms.

• Anatomy: Study of the structure of organisms.

• Physiology: Study of the functions of living organisms and their parts.

• Gross/macroscopic: Study of structures visible to the naked eye.

• Microscopic: Study of structures that require a microscope to be seen.

• Axial: Relating to the head, neck, and trunk of the body.

• Appendicular: Relating to limbs and their attachments to the body.

Flowchart of Terms

• Organize terms:

  • Anatomy: Structure of organisms.

  • Physiology: Function of organisms.

  • Microscopic Anatomy: Study of structures at the microscopic level.

  • Gross Anatomy: Study of structures visible to the naked eye.

  • Cytology: Study of cells.

  • Histology: Study of tissues.

  • Systemic Anatomy: Study of body systems.

  • Regional Anatomy: Study of regions of the body.

  • Surface Anatomy: Study of external features.

  • Comparative Anatomy: Examination of similarities and differences between species.

  • Embryology: Study of development from fertilization to birth.

  • Cardiovascular Physiology: Study of heart and blood vessels.

  • Neurophysiology: Study of nervous system functions.

  • Respiratory Physiology: Study of breathing and gas exchange.

  • Reproductive Physiology: Study of reproductive systems and functions.

  • Pathophysiology: Study of disease processes.

Topics of Physiology

• Dynamic Nature of Living Things: Physiology reveals how living things function.

  • Cell Physiology: Examines cellular processes.

  • Neurophysiology: Studies the nervous system.

  • Pathology: Examines diseases and causes.

  • Exercise Physiology: Focuses on body functions during physical activity.

• Can be examined at macro and microscopic levels.

Properties of Life

• List and describe the properties that characterize living organisms:

  • Organization: Living things are organized in structures.

  • Metabolism: All chemical reactions in the body.

  • Growth: Increase in size.

  • Reproduction: Ability to produce offspring.

  • Response to Stimuli: Reaction to external changes.

  • Homeostasis: Maintaining stable internal conditions.

• How computers compare:

  • Computers do not possess characteristics of life, such as metabolic processes or the ability to reproduce.

Levels of Structural Organization of the Body

• Chemical Level: Atoms and molecules.

  • Examples: Water, proteins.

• Cellular Level: Cells as basic units of life.

  • Examples: Muscle cells, nerve cells.

• Tissue Level: Groups of similar cells.

  • Examples: Epithelial, connective tissue.

• Organ Level: Structures composed of different tissues.

  • Examples: Heart, lungs.

• System Level: Groups of organs working together.

  • Examples: Digestive system, respiratory system.

• Organism Level: A living individual.

  • Example: Human being.

Test Yourself

• Most inclusive: Tissue.

• Least inclusive: Proton.

Organ Systems

• Integumentary System: Protects body, regulates temperature.

• Skeletal System: Provides structure, supports and protects organs.

• Muscular System: Allows movement, maintains posture.

• Nervous System: Controls body functions, responds to stimuli.

• Endocrine System: Regulates body functions through hormones.

• Cardiovascular System: Transports nutrients, gases, hormones.

• Lymphatic System: Maintains fluid balance, immune response.

• Respiratory System: Facilitates gas exchange.

• Urinary System: Removes waste, regulates water balance.

• Digestive System: Breaks down food, absorbs nutrients.

• Reproductive Systems: Produces offspring.

Relationship Between Structure and Function

• Example: The shape of the heart (structure) allows it to pump blood (function) effectively.

Anatomical Terms

Anatomical Position

• Definition: Standard position of the body used as a reference.

• Importance: Provides consistent terminology to avoid confusion.

Directional Terms

• Anterior vs. Posterior: Front vs. back.

• Superior vs. Inferior: Above vs. below (trunk/head only).

• Medial vs. Lateral: Closer to midline vs. farther from midline.

• Proximal vs. Distal: Closer to point of attachment vs. farther from it (limbs).

• Superficial vs. Deep: Closer to surface vs. farther from it.

• Ipsilateral vs. Contralateral: Same side vs. opposite side.

• Supine vs. Prone: Lying on back vs. stomach.

• Right vs. Left: Refers to the subject's perspective.

Body Planes

• Midsagittal (Median): Divides into equal left and right halves.

• Frontal (Coronal): Divides into anterior and posterior sections.

• Sagittal (Parasagittal): Divides parallel to midsagittal.

• Transverse (Horizontal): Divides into superior and inferior parts.

Body Cavities

• Anterior Body Cavity: Divided into thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.

  • Membrane types: Visceral and parietal; fluid between layers called serous fluid.

• Dorsal Body Cavity: Contains cranial and spinal cavities.

Serous Membranes

• Pericardium: Surrounds the heart.

  • Visceral pericardium and parietal pericardium; pericardial cavity contains fluid.

• Pleurae: Surround each lung.

  • Visceral pleura and parietal pleura; pleural cavity contains fluid.

• Peritoneum: Surrounds the abdominal organs.

  • Visceral and parietal layers; peritoneal cavity filled with fluid.

Retroperitoneal Organs

• Located behind peritoneum:

  • Include kidneys, adrenal glands, pancreas, urinary bladder.

Mesenteries

• Fused peritoneum layers connecting visceral and parietal layers, anchoring organs and housing blood vessels/nerves.

Homeostasis

• Definition: Maintenance of a stable internal environment.

• Homeostasis fluctuates around a set point and is crucial for health.

Feedback Systems

• Negative Feedback: Opposes changes, works to maintain homeostasis.

• Positive Feedback: Enhances changes, not typically homeostatic.

  • Examples: Childbirth (normal), severe blood loss (harmful).

Test Yourself on Feedback

• Which feedback system regulates blood glucose levels? Why is it vital for health?

• Identify characteristics of life involved in sensing and responding to the environment.