Computer Hardware and Repair Notes

Devices Talking to Each Other

  • Devices use programs called services or drivers to communicate with the CPU.

  • Drivers: Programs that instruct the CPU on how to operate external devices (keyboards, webcams, printers, etc.).

  • CPU connects to the BIOS (Basic Input Output Services) to interact with hardware.

BIOS

  • Software that initializes hardware and starts the operating system.

  • Stored on the ROM (Read Only Memory) chip on the motherboard.

  • ROM is non-volatile: Data is retained when the computer is turned off.

  • Once the OS loads, drivers for non-essential devices are loaded from the hard drive.

UEFI

  • UEFI (Unified Extensible Firmware Interface): A modern replacement for BIOS.

  • Offers better compatibility and support for new hardware.

  • Most new hardware includes UEFI.

POST

  • POST (Power On Self Test): A test run by the BIOS to check if hardware is functioning correctly during computer startup.

  • Occurs before the BIOS initializes hardware or loads drivers.

  • Issues are signaled through beep codes (specific to the manufacturer).

  • Single beep: Usually indicates a successful boot.

  • Two beeps: Could indicate a POST error (refer to the motherboard manual).

  • Some machines do not have built-in speakers for beep codes.

CMOS Chip

  • A special chip on the motherboard that stores basic computer data.

  • Allows access to BIOS settings, which can control device booting.

Reimaging a Computer

  • Involves wiping and reinstalling an operating system using a disk image.

  • Requires booting from an external device (USB stick, CD-ROM, network server) via BIOS settings.

Skills for IT

  • Constant change in technology requires continuous learning and curiosity.

  • Tech skills should serve people, requiring empathy and a desire to help.

Building a Computer

  • Core skill for IT support specialists.

  • Useful for custom builds like gaming rigs or home media servers.

Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) Prevention

  • ESD can damage computer components (e.g., motherboard).

  • Methods of prevention:

    • Touch an electrical device that is plugged in but not powered on every few minutes.

    • Wear an antistatic wristband connected to a non-painted metal surface on the computer.

  • Computer parts are shipped in antistatic bags; keep them in the bags until installation.

Motherboard Installation

  • Choose a motherboard form factor that fits the computer case (e.g., full-size ATX).

  • Align motherboard screw holes with the case and use standoffs to raise and attach the motherboard.

CPU Installation

  • Handle CPUs carefully.

  • Align the marker on the CPU with the socket on the motherboard.

  • Ensure CPU compatibility with the motherboard socket (e.g., LGA CPU with LGA-compatible socket).

  • Secure the CPU in the socket.

Heat Sink Installation

  • Heat sink dissipates heat from the CPU using a fan.

  • Apply thermal paste evenly to the CPU to improve heat transfer.
    *Apply a small dab of thermal paste to the CPU.
    *Use a flat object to spread the paste evenly across the surface

  • Attach the heat sink to the CPU, aligning screws with the CPU socket.

  • Tighten screws on opposite sides to secure the heat sink.

  • Connect the heat sink fan to the motherboard.

RAM Installation

  • Locate the DIMM slots on the motherboard.

  • Align the slots on the RAM sticks with the DIMM slots.

  • Push the RAM sticks into the slots until they click and lock in place.

  • Use the designated slots (e.g., white slots).

Hard Drive Installation

  • Use an SSD SATA hard drive.

  • Slot the hard drive into the case cage.

  • Connect the SSD to the motherboard using a SATA cable.

Case Fan Installation

  • Locate the rear fan label on the motherboard.

  • Attach the fan to the motherboard.

  • Connect the fan to the Molex connector.

  • Create a wind tunnel for airflow over components.

Power Supply Installation

  • Secure the power supply to the case, avoiding damage to the motherboard.

  • Route cables to the side to prevent motherboard damage.

  • Connectors:

    • Large connector for powering the motherboard.

    • Four-pin Molex (legacy).

    • SATA power connectors for hard drives (modern).

  • Connect the power supply to the motherboard and CPU.

  • Connect case cables to the motherboard using provided guides.

Graphics Card Installation

  • Plug the graphics card into the PCI Express slot on the motherboard.

  • Secure the graphics card to the case.

Final Steps

  • Cover the computer case.

  • Connect the monitor, keyboard, and mouse to the desktop.

  • Use a DisplayPort cable to connect the monitor.

  • Power on the computer to test.

Troubleshooting

  • If the computer doesn't start, check the power supply wattage and connector placement.

  • If there is no operating system found (\"Non system disk or disk error\"), the next step is to install an operating system.

Mobile Device Repair

  • Familiarize yourself with the organization's policy on mobile device repair.

  • Repairing devices may void the warranty.

  • Understand the RMA (Return Merchandise Authorization) process.

  • Ensure no proprietary or personal data remains on the device before sending it off for repair by performing a factory reset.

  • Follow best practices like those used for PCs: protect against static discharge, use the right tools, keep parts organized, follow vendor documentation, and test the device.