respiration

GLYCOLYSIS - cytoplasm/sarcoplasm

1. glycogen is converted into glucose by glycogenolysis

2. 2 ATP molecules are dephosphorylated by hydrolysis

3. the phosphate phosphorylate glucose into 2 GALP

4. 2 GALP is oxidized and dephosphorylated to form 2 pyruvate

5. 4 hydrogen reduce 2 NAD into 2 NADH+H+

6. 4 ADP+2Pi → 4 ATP

   • 2 ATP go to cytoplasm

   • 2 pyruvate goes to the mitochondrial matrix

   • 2 NADH+H+ goes to the ETC in the inner mitochondrial membrane

LINK REACTION - across mitochondrial membranes

1. 2 pyruvate are decarboxylated and oxidized to form 2 acetyl Co-A

2. 2 CO2 are released

3. 4 hydrogen reduce 2 NAD into 2 NADH+H+

   • 2 acetyl Co-A goes to krebs cycle in mitochondrial matrix

   • 2 CO2 go to the blood plasma

   • 2 NADH+H+ goes the ETC in the inner mitochondrial membrane

KREBS CYCLE - mitochondrial matrix

1. acetyl Co-A combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate

2. citrate is decarboxylated and oxidized to form alpha keto gluterate

3. CO2 is released

4. 2 hydrogen reduces NAD into NADH+H+

5. alpha keto gluterate is decarboxylated and oxidized to form oxaloacetate

6. CO2 is released

7. substrate level phosphorylation occurs and ATP is produced

8. 4 hydrogen reduces 2 NAD into NADH+H+

9. 2 hydrogen reduces FAD into FADH2

   • 2 ATP goes to the cytoplasm

   • 2 CO2 go to the blood plasma

   • 6 NADH+H+ goes to the ETC in the inner mitochondrial membrane

   • 4 FADH2 goes to the ETC in the inner mitochondrial membrane

ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN

1. NADH+H+ and FADH2 are oxidized to NAD and FAD

2. pass 2 hydrogen to the electron carrier proteins in the inner mitochondrial matrix

3. carrier protein splits hydrogen into hydrogen ion and electron which produces energy

4. energy is used to pump hydrogen ions through the carrier protein into the inner membrane space

5. the electrons are passed along the electron transport chain by a series of redox reactions

6. accumulation of hydrogen ions causes the pH to fall in the inner membrane space and creates an electrochemical gradient between the inner membrane space and the mitochondrial matrix

7. hydrogen ions diffuse through stalked particles back into the mitochondrial matrix which activates ATP synthase

8. oxidative phosphorylation occurs as ATP synthase phosphorylates ADP to create ATP

9. hydrogen ions rejoin with electron to reform hydrogen atoms which bond to ½ O2 to form water in the process chemiosmosis

ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION

1. glucose is dephosphorylated and oxidized to form pyruvate

2. 2 ADP+Pi → ATP

3. 4 hydrogen reduce 2 NAD into 2 NADH+H+

4. 2 NADH+H+ is oxidized to reform 2 NAD to receive more hydrogen to keep glycolysis going

5. 4 hydrogen released converts pyruvate into lactate