prelim ihh review-review

Barrier Methods of Contraception

  • Ideal Failure Rate: 9%

  • Typical Use Failure Rate: 16% to 20% (Shoupe & Kjos, 2010)

  • Definition: Barrier methods prevent sperm from reaching and fertilizing an ovum by placing a chemical or latex barrier between the cervix and sperm.

Spermicides

  • Purpose: Agents that kill sperm before they can enter the cervix.

  • Effectiveness: Not effective contraceptives alone; require caution, as many feminine hygiene products lack spermicidal action.

  • Contraindications: Vaginally inserted spermicidal products are contraindicated for women with acute cervicitis due to potential irritation.

  • Common Forms: Gels, creams, foams, films, and vaginal suppositories.

Male and Female Condoms

  • Male Condom:

    • Description: Latex or synthetic sheath placed over erect penis.

    • Ideal Failure Rate: 2%

    • True Failure Rate: About 15% (due to breakage/spillage).

    • Advantages: Requires no prescription and empowers male responsibility.

  • Female Condom:

    • Purpose: Offers another barrier contraceptive option.

Natural Family Planning: CycleBeads

  • CycleBeads: A method to predict fertile days.

    • Color-Coded Beads:

      • White: Pregnancy.

      • Brown: Unlikely to conceive.

      • Red: First day of period.

    • Usage: Move one bead daily to track the menstrual cycle and predict ovulation.

Natural Family Planning Considerations

  • Advantages: Window for spontaneity in sexual relations.

  • Challenges: High days of abstinence may render the method unsatisfactory for some couples.

Adolescents and Natural Family Planning

  • Considerations: Adolescents may struggle with decision-making during fertile days.

  • Emotional Factors: Young men and women might lack control or experience required to effectively use these methods.

Individuals with Unique Concerns

Sexual Counseling

  • Persistent Sexual Arousal Syndrome (PSAS): Excessive, unrelenting arousal without desire; may need treatment.

Pain Disorders

  • Vaginismus: Involuntary contraction of vaginal muscles during coitus.

  • Dyspareunia: Pain during intercourse often due to underlying conditions (endometriosis, vestibulitis, etc.).

Decreased Sexual Desire

  • Potential Causes: Side effects of medications or chronic health conditions.

  • Treatment Options: Androgen replacements to increase libido in some women.

Physiological Overview of Menstrual Cycle

Ovarian Changes

  • Hormonal Regulation: FSH and LH stimulate ovulatory processes.

  • Cycle Phases: Follicular phase, ovulation, luteal phase.

  • Corpus Luteum Role: Produces estrogen and progesterone; regression leads to menstruation if no fertilization occurs.

Disorders of Sexual Function

Erectile Dysfunction (ED)

  • Definition: Inability to achieve or maintain an erection.

  • Causes: Vascular issues, side effects of medications, psychological factors.

  • Treatment Options: Medications (Viagra, Cialis), testosterone, or surgical options.

Premature Ejaculation

  • Description: Early ejaculation before mutual satisfaction is achieved.

  • Treatment Goals: Identify underlying psychological factors; sexual technique improvement.

Menstrual Cycle Phases

Menses

  • Volume: 30 to 80 ml of blood and tissue; may need supplementation due to iron loss.

Proliferative Phase

  • Ovarian Hormonal Production: Drives the thickening of the endometrial lining in preparation for potential pregnancy.

Secretory Phase

  • Glandular Changes: Endometrial glands enlarge and become rich providing nourishment should implantation occur.

  • If fertilization does not occur, the cycle shifts into ischemic phase leading to menstruation.

Hormonal Overview

Hormones in the Cycle

  • Roles of LH, FSH, Estrogen, and Progesterone: Regulate various stages of the menstrual cycle and ovulatory processes.

Summary of Physical Changes

  • Includes variations in body temperature, cervical mucus changes, and uterine readiness.

Education and Counseling

  • Importance of Comprehensive Sexual Education: Empower students and young individuals about the physiological, psychological, and relational aspects of sexuality.