Exploration Colonization Vocab
1. God | A. To spread Christianity (Catholic and Protestant) – Stop spread of Island B. Missionaries were people who worked for the church and were sent to convert natives |
2. Gold | A. New Sea Trade Routes to Asia – to complete with Italians (Venice) B. find gold and silver C. Create New trade markets in new colonies to extract raw materials and grow cash crops such as sugar and tobacco & used colonies to sell manufactured goods to. |
3. Glory | A. Earn International fame and wealth B. Built up Nationalism for country sailing for - national pride |
4. Colony | Land controlled by another nation (controlling nation often called the mother country) Purpose of a colony is to extract raw materials and to provide new trade market Ex: American colonies provided lumber to England (mother country) |
5. Compass | determines direction; of Chinese origin |
6. Astrolabe | determines altitude of an object in the sky (sun, star, moon) to determine location/latitude; from Arabs |
7. Caravel | Ship developed by the Portuguese; fast with multiple masts/sails, shallow to explore coastline, lateen sails (triangular sails) go against the wind, rudder, carried rifles and cannons |
8. Cartographers | Map makers improved maps with better use of longitude and latitude. |
9. Circumnavigate | To sail or travel all the way around something in one direction, particularly the world; to sail one direction and end where you started. Magellan’s crew continually sailed west from Spain and ended up back in Spain |
10. Prince Henry the Navigator | Portugal - Gathered mapmakers, mathematicians, astronomers, ship builders with sailors to learn about navigation; His efforts helped make Portugal the 1st European country to find a sea route to East Asia (India) |
11. Bartolomeu Dias | Portugal - reach to tip of Africa, sailed for Portugal |
12. Vasco da Gama | Portugal - discovered 1st sea route to Asia – sailed around Africa to India for Portugal remember da Gama goes all the way |
13. King Ferdinand & Queen Isabella | Spain - K&Q of Spain who financially supported Columbus’s sail west. Motivated most by God. Remember they are the parents of Catherine of Aragon (Henry VIII’s 1st wife) and grandparents to Bloody Mary |
14. Columbus | Spain - 1492- Tried to sail to Asia by going west. Believed he landed in the East Indies (islands near India) but actually landed in the Bahamas and Hispaniola (later called the WEST INDIES) which is why natives were called Indians; never knew it was a new world. |
15. Columbian Exchange | large-scale transfer of foods, plants, and animals between the Old World and New World. this took place naturally due to cross cultural contact – ex: disease, corn, sugar |
16. Amerigo Vespucci | Spain - Suggested Columbus discovered a “New World”, later cartographers labeled land after him |
17. Magellan | Spain - Sailed West to reach the “East”; his crew was the first to circumnavigate the world, he was killed in the Philippians; discovered a water route in S. America – Strait of Magellan |
18. Conquistadors *Cortes *Pizarro | Spain - Purpose: to conquer lands for riches and to Christianize natives Why successful: horses, guns, cannons – more powerful military Hernando Cortes - Spanish conquistador defeated the Aztecs. Slaughtered thousands of natives Francisco Pizarro - Spanish conquistador defeated the Inca. Slaughtered thousands of natives |
19. Encomienda | Spain - Approved enslavement of the native Americans by the Spanish monarchy. REMEMBER this was original the native’s land to start and now they were salves for their conqueror. Many natives died as a result from exhaustion, being overworked, abuse, or disease. |
20. Bartolome De Las Casa | Spain - A Spanish priest who argued to end the Encomienda system: lived in Hispaniola (modern day Haiti and Dominican Republic) and wrote to the King and Queen of Spain to demand the end native slavery. His writings reveal how bad it was for natives BUT unfortunately natives were just replaced by enslaved Africans.
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21. Mercantilism | mother country controlled all aspects of trade in the colony requiring all raw materials to be shipped to the mother country because in this economic theory a country’s power depends on its wealth – colonies = MONEY from trade |
22. Cash Crops | Crops produced for their economic value rather than for personal use such as sugar, tobacco, and later cotton |
23. Plantations | Large scale farm used to grow cash crops. Historically slaves were used as free labor on plantations. |
24. Raw Materials | Natural resources in their basic state from which goods are made from (lumber, iron, sugar, whale oil) |
25. Manufactured Goods | Manmade goods - in Triangular trade these were produced in Europe and sold back to the colonies |
26. Encomienda | Approved enslavement of the native Americans by the Spanish monarchy. |
27. Triangular Trade | European trade between the Americas, Africa, and Europe involving the trading of slaves, raw materials, and manufactured goods. – slaves were used for free labor Why Africans - Natives Americans had died off from disease & harsh working conditions; it was “believed” Africans would be good replacements who were used to the harsher and hot working environments (racists belief)
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28. Middle Passage | the part of the sea voyage that brought captured Africans from Africa to the West Indies and the Americas; longest and harshest part of the trip. 20% died |
29. Olaudah Equiano | Wrote the first slave narrative (autobiography) detailing the horrors of his capture, transport along the Middle Passage, and enslavement. |
30. Northwest Passage | A sea route from the Atlantic to the Pacific through North America; sea route does NOT exist. ● The search led to many discoveries of lakes and rivers in the USA and Canada. ● Netherlands, England, and France all competed in the race to find the NW Passage. Instead of finding the northern sea route to Asia, these countries established colonies throughout North America |
31. Plymouth Colony *English Settlers | Settled by Pilgrims (Separatists) who sought religious freedom, signed the Mayflower Compact agreeing to self-govern in 1620 *Note: The English settled for both economic and religious purposes AND the English treated the natives very poor |
32. Puritans *English Settlers | Puritans were Protestants from England who wanted rid the Church of England from the mix of Catholic traditions Settled New England for religious freedom and economic opportunity Other English settlers – like those in Jamestown Virginia settled for economic opportunity - trade |
33. French Settlers | Focused on trading fish and fur; land/climate not suitable for agriculture. French fur trappers worked w/natives to maximize profits. The fur trade made France one of the richest nations in the world (under Louis XIV 14th) |
34. French and Indian War | Who fought: England vs France (France had help from Native Americans & the Spanish Empire) Fought over? Control of the American colonies (north America – today USA/France). Who won: England (Great Britain) Short Term Effect: The French gave England land in Canada and all the way to the Mississippi River, and the French gave Spain the Louisiana Territory as payment for war debts. Long Term Effect: England became a world power BUT the war caused great debt = increased taxes on colonists which sparked the American Revolution. |