• Cytoplasm: A jelly-like fluid that fills the cell and houses organelles, facilitating chemical reactions and transport processes. Is the suspension medium for organelles, allowing them to move freely within the cell and interact with one another.

• Nucleus: The control center of the cell that contains DNA and regulates gene expression and replication.

• Nucleolus: Located within the nucleus, it is responsible for ribosome subunit production.

• Nuclear Envelope: A double membrane that encapsulates the nucleus and controls the flow of materials in and out.

• Ribosomes: Sites of protein synthesis found free in the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum.

• Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): A network of membranes involved in protein and lipid synthesis; can be:

  • Rough ER:

    • Has ribosomes on its surface.

    • Primarily involved in the synthesis of proteins that are either secreted from the cell, incorporated into the cell's plasma membrane, or sent to an organelle.

  • Smooth ER:

    • Lacks ribosomes on its surface.

    • Involved in lipid synthesis, metabolism of carbohydrates, detoxification of drugs and poisons, and storage of calcium ions.

• Vesicles: Small membrane-bound sacs that transport materials within the cell.

• Golgi Apparatus: Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for secretion or use within the cell.

• Lysosomes: Contain digestive enzymes to break down waste, cellular debris, and macromolecules.

• Vacuole: A storage sac that can hold various substances; larger in plant cells for maintaining turgor pressure.

• Mitochondria: Known as the powerhouse of the cell, they generate ATP through cellular respiration.

• Chloroplast: Organelles found in plant cells that conduct photosynthesis to convert light energy into chemical energy.

• Cell Wall: A rigid outer layer found in plant cells, providing structure and protection.

• Cytoskeleton: A network of protein filaments and tubules that provides shape, support, and facilitates movement within the cell.

• Centrioles: Cylindrical structures involved in cell division, helping to organize the cytoskeleton during mitosis. Supports cell structure.

### where is it found?

• Cell Membrane is found in Both plant and animal cells

• Cytoplasm is found in Both plant and animal cells

• Nucleus is found in Both plant and animal cells

• Nucleolus is found in Both plant and animal cells

• Nuclear Envelope is found in Both plant and animal cells

• Ribosome is found in Both plant and animal cells

• Both Smooth and Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) are found in both plant and animal cells.

• Vesicle is found in Both plant and animal cells

• Golgi Apparatus is found in Both plant and animal cells

• Lysosome is found in Animal cells (not typically found in plant cells)

• Vacuole is found in Larger in plant cells; may be small or absent in animal cells

• Mitochondria is found in Both plant and animal cells

• Chloroplast is found in Plant cells only

• Cell Wall is found in Plant cells only

• Cytoskeleton is found in Both plant and animal cells

• Centriole is found in Animal cells only.