Lecture Notes Chapters 1-7

Zionism

  • Zionism gains traction due to antisemitism, particularly the Alfred Dreyfus affair in France.
  • The movement aims to establish a Jewish homeland, leading to the creation of Israel.
  • The Balfour Declaration supports the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine.
  • The Holocaust increases support for Zionism, leading to the creation of Israel in 1948.
  • The creation of Israel leads to ongoing conflicts with Palestinians.

Jose Rizal and the Propaganda Movement

  • Jose Rizal leads the propaganda movement in the Philippines, seeking independence from Spain.
  • Rizal is killed and becomes a martyr for the cause of Philippine independence.

French Revolution

  • The French Revolution occurs shortly after the American Revolution.
  • Food shortages and a desire for more rights fuel the revolution.
  • Louis XVI is slow to respond to the people's demands.
  • The Declaration of the Rights of Man is created.
  • The storming of the Bastille symbolizes the start of the revolution.
  • The revolution turns radical under Robespierre, leading to the Reign of Terror.
  • The revolution becomes more moderate after Robespierre's downfall.
  • Napoleon rises to power in France.

Europe Unifications

  • In the late 1800s, Italy and Germany become unified nations around 1870.
  • This unification is driven by nationalism.
  • Both countries follow Realpolitik, doing what is necessary to achieve their goals, including fighting wars.

Industrial Revolution

  • The British Agricultural Revolution precedes the Industrial Revolution, leading to more food, people, and workers.
  • The Industrial Revolution begins in England due to the presence of iron, coal, and rivers (factors of production).
  • The First Industrial Revolution is based on textiles, steam power, and iron.
  • The Second Industrial Revolution involves steel, chemical processes, precision machinery, and electronics.
  • The cottage industry involves women working from home to produce textiles.

Key Inventions

  • Spinning Jenny: Spun clothes that weavers then used.
  • Water Frame: Powered by the river; first factories made by Richard Arkwright.
  • Interchangeable Parts and Division of Labor: Made by Eli Whitney to allow for fast production.

British Advantages

  • Access to the Atlantic Ocean, coal, and iron.
  • Colonies providing capital.
  • Agricultural revolution providing labor.
  • Constitutional monarchy and parliament allowing flexible law changes.
  • Protection of intellectual and property rights.

Spread Of Industrialization

  • France and Germany are the next to industrialize, but are initially slow due to the French Revolution and decentralization, respectively.
  • The United States benefits from human capital through immigration.

Comparison of Russian and Japanese Industrialization

  • Russia focuses on large industries, weapons, and infrastructure (Trans-Siberian Railroad) without prioritizing consumer goods.
  • Japan focuses on exporting goods, importing resources, and emphasizes electronics, chemical processing, and precision machinery.
  • India's and egypt' textile industries decline due to British takeover.

Economic Ideologies

  • The Industrial Revolution leads to poor working conditions, low wages, and long hours.
  • John Stuart Mill advocates for utilitarianism, reforming capitalism with labor unions and better working conditions.
  • Capitalism (Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations) replaces mercantilism with a free market.
  • Socialism advocates for government control of factories and means of production for public use.
  • Karl Marx proposes communism, where the government runs everything, everyone is equal, and there are no class distinctions.

Utopian Socialism

  • Utopian socialists try to create small, socialist communities (e.g., Robert Owen).

Important Technologies

  • Communications: Telegraph and radio.
  • Transportation: Railroad and steam engine.

Muhammad Ali and the Ottoman Empire

  • Muhammad Ali takes control of Egypt, reforming the military, building factories and railroads, and starting the first newspaper.
  • The Ottoman Empire attempts reforms but faces internal and external challenges.

China

  • China attempts the Self-Strengthening Movement but faces defeats, such as the Opium War.
  • European countries establish spheres of influence in China.

Effects of Industrial Revolution

  • Living standards initially rise, then decline due to diseases and slums, then improve with laws, sewers, and women's rights.
  • Corporations emerge, selling stock and forming monopolies.
  • Transnational corporations operate across multiple countries.
  • Consumerism becomes popular due to disposable income.

Japan

  • Japan undergoes the Meiji Restoration to avoid China's fate.
  • They abolish feudalism and industrialize rapidly.
  • The government subsidizes industries like tea, silk, and shipbuilding.

Ottoman Empire after Muhammad's Reforms

  • Tanzimat Reforms: Secularizing law codes, attempting to end corruption.

China's Self-Strengthening Movement

  • Hundred Days of Reform: Briefly eliminated civil service, and began industrializing and modernizing after defeats in Opium Wars.

Russia

  • External issues: Defeats in Crimean War and Russo-Japanese War.
  • Internal problems: Lack of industrialization, serfdom until 1861.
  • Heavy industries are prioritized over consumer goods.

China internal and external factors affecting reform movement and strength

  • Internal factors: Manchu rulers (not Han Chinese), famine, low revenue.
  • External factors: Western domination and spheres of influence.

Mexico

  • Diaz, president/dictator throughout the later half of the 1800's
  • Mexican Revolution: Maduro, Zapata, and Pancho Villa overthrow dictator Diaz, leading to land reform.
  • The result is a PRI takes over.

Ottoman Empire

  • External factor: Loses World War I.
  • Internal factor: Empire with minority groups; Armenian persecution.
  • The result is Mustafa Kemal (Ataturk) establishing Turkey as an industrialized, modern, and secular nation.

Causes of World War I (Mania):

  • Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism, Assassination.
  • New technologies and trench warfare lead to brutal and deadly combat.
  • Effects: Lost generation, Spanish Flu, resentment in Germany, and leads to World Was II.
  • The US joins due to the sinking of the Lusitania and the Zimmerman telegram.
  • Treaty of Versailles pisses of Germany with the war guilt cause, reparations, loss of all colonies etc.

Great Depression

  • Caused by agriculture overproduction and the stock market crash of 1929.
  • Keynesian economics: Government spending to stimulate the economy (FDR's New Deal).
  • Japan devalues its currency to boost exports.

Russia

  • Lenin allows some free market ideas with the New Economic Policy.
  • Stalin implements the Five-Year Plan to industrialize, but it leads to collectivization and famine (Holodomor).

Mexico

  • The PRI nationalizes the oil industry.

Rise of Fascism

  • Benito Mussolini establishes fascism in Italy
  • The Spanish Civil War foreshadows World War II, pitting fascists against communists.
  • Vargas in Brazil is supported by the US despite being a dictator because he joins the allies.

World War I and Decolonization

  • World War I renews the desire for independence in colonies.
  • The mandate system is established after World War I, with Britain and France controlling former Ottoman territories.
  • Nonviolence has been more successful. Gandhi used civil disobedience to gain India and Pakistan's independence.
  • The Amritsar massacre in India increases calls for independence.
  • Nationalism rises in East Asia, with movements in Korea and China against Japanese expansion.
  • Kenya (Kenyatta) and Senegal (Senghor) leaders get their independence and are from Africa.

World War II

  • Treaty of Versailles and Great Depression cause the rise of Nazism.
  • Germany, Italy, and Japan form the Axis powers due to expansionist goals and anti-communism.
  • Hitler invades Poland, starting World War II.
  • Conducting the War:
    • Blitzkrieg (combined arms) is used by Germany for rapid advances, especially though Poland, and France.
    • Total war is mobilized, where Ford stops building regular cars, and begins building army tanks.
    • Island hopping in the Pacific; island hopping made the rest of the islands with nothing going in or out for the Japanese soldiers there.

Key Battles WWII:

  1. El Alamein, Stalingrad, Midway 1942: Turing point of the war
  2. D Day 1944: Allies invade the west with a the largest amphibious operation ever.

Key Conferences:

  • Yalta, Tehran, etc to set of the Cold war.

Truman drops atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, leading to Japan's surrender.

General Impacts of World War II:

  • Europe is destroyed; the US and Russia emerge as superpowers.
  • Women gain more influence.
  • Germany is split into four zones.
  • Colonies start getting self-determination.
  • Genocide is acknowledged.
  • The Armenian genocide; Holodomor genocide.
    • Asia for Asiatics; want Japan and its emperors in all of Asia.
    • The Holocaust: The Nuremberg Laws were set, where there was forced relocation to live in ghettos, eventually to concentration camps, with the final solution being gassing.
    • Other genocide in WWII was Rwanda (Hutus vs Tutsis), Sudan (Jana Jaweed vs Arabs, rape of Nanking, firebombing.)