BIOL L CH 1

·      §Anatomy: what is this structure?

§Physiology: what is this structure's function?

§Anatomical position describes an individual standing upright with legs slightly apart and palms facing forward

§Directional references indicate relative positions in respect to the anatomical position

§Proximal —moving toward the body trunk

Distal—moving away from the body trunk

§Superior (cranial) —moving toward the top of the head

Inferior (caudal)—moving toward the soles of the feet

§Medial—moving toward the medial line of the body

Lateral—moving away from the median line of the body

§Anterior (ventral) —moving toward the front of the body

Posterior (dorsal)—moving towards the back of the body

§Deep—located away from the surface of the body

Superficial—closer to the body surface

Main organs of the nervous system are the brain and spinal cord. Detect stimuli, transmit it as impulse to generate a response

Main organ of the endocrine system is the pituitary(master) gland

Both systems are the command-and-control systems of the body

Homeostasis = the ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment despite a constantly changing external environment

Muscular

Functions:

§Moves bones via contraction of muscle cells

§Maintain homeostasis by generating body heat

§Protects soft internal organs from blunt impact

Major Organs:

§Skeletal muscles

§Tendons

§Aponeuroses

Skeletal

Functions:

§Supporting framework for the body

§Protects delicate internal organs

§Reservoir for minerals (calcium)

Major Organs:

§Bones

§Cartilages

§Ligaments

Joints

Nervous

Functions:

§Information processing and transmission

§Detects internal and external stimuli and allows for rapid responses to potential threats to homeostasis

Major Organs:

§Brain

§Spinal Cord

§Peripheral Nerves

§Sensory Receptors

Endocrine

Functions:

§Regulates slow/cyclic processes

§Sets the basal metabolic rate of the body

§Maintains homeostasis

Major Organs:

§Pituitary gland

§Pineal gland

§Thyroid & parathyroid

§Adrenal

§Pancreas

Testes & Ovaries

Cardiovascular

Functions:

§Transport nutrients to cells

§Transport waste products away from tissues

§Transport regulatory substances (hormones)

§Distribute heat

Major Organs:

§Heart

§Blood Vessels

§Blood

Integument

Functions:

§Protect internal organs from mechanical, chemical, UV, and bacterial damage

§Detect environmental stimuli

§Excrete salts and water

§Produce vitamin D

Major Organs:

§Skin

§Hair

§Fingernails

§Cutaneous sensory receptors

Lymphatic

Functions:

§Detect and destroy foreign cells

§Detect and destroy mutant cells

§Cleanse the tissue fluids of pathogens and cellular debris

§Produce antibodies

Major Organs:

§Lymph nodes

§Lymphatic vessels

§Spleen

§Thymus

Tonsils

Respiratory

Functions:

§Obtain oxygen from atmosphere

§Release carbon dioxide to atmosphere

§Maintain pH balance of the blood via the carbon dioxide-carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system

Major Organs:

§Nasal passages

§Pharynx

§Larynx

§Trachea

Lungs

Urinary

Functions:

§Filter blood to remove nitrogen wastes

§Regulate blood pressure

§Maintain electrolyte and pH balance

Major Organs:

§Kidneys

§Ureters

§Urinary Bladder

Urethra

Reproductive (Male)

Functions:

§Produce and deliver sperm to female

Major Organs:

§Penis

§Testes

Scrotum

Reproductive (Female)

Functions:

§Produce ovum

§Receive sperm

§Protect, nourish, and deliver baby

Major Organs:

§Vagina

§Uterus

§Ovaries

Breasts (mammary glands)

gastro = stomach

hypo = below

epi = above

chondriac = cartilage

gastro = stomach

right hypochondraic— has liver, large intestine, GALLBLADDER

epigastric (EG)—has liver, large intestine, STOMACH

left hypochondriac—has stomach, SPLEEN, large intestine

right lumbar—ascending colon

umbilical (U)—small intestine

left lumbar—descending colon

right iliac—cecum, appendix

hypogastric (HG)—small intestine, bladder

left iliac—sigmoid colon

• levels of organization (smallest to largest):

  • atom—carbon atom

  • molecule—proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acid

  • cellular—red blood cell

  • tissues—muscle, cartilage, adipose

  • organs—heart, kidney, liver

  • systematic—cardiovascular, urinary

  • organism—human

• the greater the magnification, the HIGHER the resolution

• resolution—amount of magnification required to distinguish two entities as two distinct points as opposed to one point

  • human eye—can resolve fingerprints but not cells (100 um)

  • light microscope—can resolve cells, but NOT organelles (0.2 um)

• ocular lens: 10x

• objective lens

  • scanning: 4x—40x

  • low: 10x—100x

  • high: 40x—400x

• field of view—the area you can see when you look through a microscope

• thoracic cavity

  • 2 pleural cavities: lungs

  • mediastinum: esophagus, trachea, thymus

  • pericardial cavity: heart

    • pericardial cavity is located in the mediastinum

• abdominopelvic cavity

  • abdominal cavity: digestive, urinary and lymphatic organs

  • pelvic cavity: reproductive organs

• serous—secretes fluid

  • visceral—lies against the ORGAN

  • parietal—lies against INTERIOR WALL OF BODY