Spread of Imperialism

Causes

• Economic motives: Driven by the Industrial Revolution, European powers sought new sources of raw materials (e.g., rubber, oil, tin) for their factories and new markets for their manufactured goods. Colonial expansion also provided opportunities for investment and cheap labor.

• National pride (Jingoism): A fierce competition among European nations to acquire colonies, viewing it as a symbol of national power, prestige, and glory. The more territory a nation controlled, the greater its perceived international status.

• Social imperialism: Some historians argue that European governments used imperial expansion to distract their populations from domestic social and economic problems, fostering a sense of national unity over class divisions.

• Ideology:

  • Scientific racism: Influenced by distorted interpretations of Darwin's theory of evolution, Social Darwinists believed that certain races were naturally superior (primarily white Europeans) and destined to dominate others. This pseudo-scientific belief justified subjugation.

  • Civilizing mission: Europeans felt a moral obligation