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English Irregular Verbs Reference Guide

• arise | arose | arisen | levantarse; surgir
• awake | awoke | awoken | despertarse
• be | was/were | been | ser, estar
• bear | bore | born | soportar; llevar
• beat | beat | beaten | golpear; vencer
• become | became | become | llegar a ser; convertirse
• begin | began | begun | empezar
• bend | bent | bent | doblar, flexionar
• bet | bet | bet | apostar
• bind | bound | bound | vendar; encuadernar
• bite | bit | bitten | morder
• bleed | bled | bled | sangrar
• blow | blew | blown | soplar
• break | broke | broken | romper
• bring | brought | brought | traer; llevar
• broadcast | broadcast | broadcast | emitir
• build | built | built | construir
• buy | bought | bought | comprar
• cast | cast | cast | echar, arrojar
• catch | caught | caught | coger, atrapar
• choose | chose | chosen | elegir
• cling | clung | clung | aferrarse, agarrarse
• come | came | come | venir
• cost | cost | cost | costar
• creep | crept | crept | deslizarse; trepar
• cut | cut | cut | cortar
• deal | dealt | dealt | tratar
• dig | dug | dug | cavar, excavar
• do | did | done | hacer
• draw | drew | drawn | dibujar
• dream | dreamt/dreamed | dreamt/dreamed | soñar
• drink | drank | drunk | beber
• drive | drove | driven | conducir
• dwell | dwelt/dwelled | dwelt/dwelled | morar
• eat | ate | eaten | comer
• fall | fell | fallen | caer
• feed | fed | fed | alimentar
• feel | felt | felt | sentir
• fight | fought | fought | luchar
• find | found | found | encontrar
• fit | fit/fitted | fit/fitted | encajar, ajustar
• flee | fled | fled | huir
• fling | flung | flung | arrojar
• fly | flew | flown | volar
• forbid | forbade | forbidden | prohibir
• forecast | forecast | forecast | prever, predecir
• forget | forgot | forgotten | olvidar
• freeze | froze | frozen | congelar(se)
• get | got | got | obtener
• give | gave | given | dar
• go | went | gone | ir
• grow | grew | grown | crecer; cultivar
• hang | hung/hanged | hung/hanged | colgar
• have | had | had | tener
• hear | heard | heard | oír
• hide | hid | hidden | ocultar(se)
• hit | hit | hit | golpear
• hold | held | held | sostener, coger
• hurt | hurt | hurt | herir
• keep | kept | kept | guardar; quedarse
• kneel | knelt/kneeled | knelt/kneeled | arrodillarse
• knit | knit/knitted | knit/knitted | tejer, hacer punto
• know | knew | known | saber, conocer
• lay | laid | laid | colocar, poner
• lead | led | led | guiar, llevar
• lean | leant/leaned | leant/leaned | apoyar(se)
• leap | leapt/leaped | leapt/leaped | saltar
• learn | learnt/learned | learnt/learned | aprender
• leave | left | left | dejar; salir
• lend | lent | lent | prestar
• let | let | let | dejar, permitir
• lie | lay | lain | estar tumbado
• light | lit | lit | encender
• lose | lost | lost | perder
• make | made | made | hacer, fabricar
• mean | meant | meant | significar
• meet | met | met | encontrarse; conocer
• mow | mowed | mown/mowed | cortar, segar
• pay | paid | paid | pagar
• prove | proved | proven/proved | probar, demostrar
• put | put | put | poner
• quit | quit | quit | dejar
• read | read | read /red/ | leer
• ride | rode | ridden | montar, cabalgar
• ring | rang | rung | sonar/tocar timbre/teléfono
• rise | rose | risen | levantarse
• run | ran | run | correr
• saw | sawed | sawn/sawed | serrar
• say | said | said | decir
• see | saw | seen | ver
• seek | sought | sought | buscar
• sell | sold | sold | vender
• send | sent | sent | enviar
• set | set | set | poner
• sew | sewed | sewn/sewed | coser
• shake | shook | shaken | agitar
• shear | sheared | shorn/sheared | esquilar
• shed | shed | shed | verter, derramar
• shine | shone | shone | brillar
• shoot | shot | shot | disparar; filmar
• show | showed | shown | mostrar
• shrink | shrank | shrunk | encoger(se)
• shut | shut | shut | cerrar
• sing | sang | sung | cantar
• sink | sank | sunk | hundir(se)
• sit | sat | sat | sentarse
• sleep | slept | slept | dormir
• slide | slid | slid | resbalarse
• sling | slung | slung | tirar, arrojar
• smell | smelt/smelled | smelt/smelled | oler
• sow | sowed | sown/sowed | sembrar
• speak | spoke | spoken | hablar
• speed | sped/speeded | sped/speeded | conducir a mucha velocidad
• spell | spelt/spelled | spelt/spelled | deletrear
• spend | spent | spent | gastar; pasar tiempo
• spin | spun/span | spun | girar
• spit | spit/spat | spit/spat | escupir
• spill | spilt/spilled | spilt/spilled | derramar
• split | split | split | dividir
• spoil | spoilt | spoilt | estropear
• spread | spread | spread | extender; untar
• spring | sprang | sprung | brotar, nacer
• stand | stood | stood | estar de pie
• steal | stole | stolen | robar
• stick | stuck | stuck | pegar; encajarse
• stink | stank | stunk | apestar
• strike | struck | struck | golpear
• sting | stung | stung | picar (insecto)
• strive | strove | striven | esforzarse, luchar
• swear | swore | sworn | jurar
• sweep | swept | swept | barrer
• swell | swelled | swollen/swelled | hinchar(se)
• swim | swam | swum | nadar
• swing | swung | swung | balancear
• take | took | taken | coger
• teach | taught | taught | enseñar
• tear | tore | torn | rasgar
• tell | told | told | decir
• think | thought | thought | pensar
• throw | threw | thrown | lanzar
• thrust | thrust | thrust | empujar
• tread | trod | trodden | pisar
• understand | understood | understood | comprender
• wake | woke | woken | despertar(se)
• wear | wore | worn | llevar puesto
• weave | wove | woven/weaved | tejer
• weep | wept | wept | llorar
• wet | wet/wetted | wet/wetted | mojar
• win | won | won | ganar
• wind | wound | wound | enrollar; dar cuerda
• wring | wrung | wrung | torcer, retorcer
• write | wrote | written | escribir

Reported Speech (Estilo Indirecto)

General Usage and Reporting Verbs

• Example Comparison:
  • Mary (Direct): "I play basketball every day."
  • Mary (Reported): "Mary said that she played basketball every day."
• Common Reporting Verbs: SAID (TO-THAT), TOLD ME, ASKED IF.
• Specific Structure Reporting Verbs: advise, ask, beg, invite, order, remind, tell, warn, agree, offer.
  • These are followed by TO / NOT TO.
  • Imperative Reporting: Mary: "Give me the paper" $\rightarrow$ Mary told me TO give her the paper.
  • Negative Imperative reporting: Do not use the tense table; use NOT to.

Tense Transformation Table

Conditionals

Zero Conditional

• Structure: IF + (Present Simple) + (Present Simple).
• Usage: General truths/facts.
• Example: IF IT RAINS, I GO WET (Si llueve, me mojo).

First Conditional

• Structure: IF + (Present Simple) + (WILL/WON'T).
• Usage: Possible future scenarios.
• Related conjunctions: UNLESS (a no ser que + negative), WHEN, UNTIL, AS SOON AS, WHETHER.
• Example: IF I STUDY, I WILL PASS (Si estudio, aprobaré).

Second Conditional

• Structure: IF + (Past Simple) + (WOULD/COULD).
• Usage: Hypothetical or imaginary situations. Also used for suggestions (If I were you…).
• Example 1: IF I FOUND A WALLET, I WOULD KEEP THE MONEY.
• Example 2: If I were you, I would watch this movie.

Third Conditional

• Structure: IF + (Past Perfect), (WOULD HAVE + Past Participle/3rd Column).
• Rule: Always use "HAVE" in the second clause, never "HAS," regardless of the person.
• Example: IF I HADN'T DRUNK, I WOULD HAVE TAKEN THE CAR (Si no hubiera bebido, hubiese/habría cogido el coche).

Future Tenses

Will / Won't

• Usage:
  • Instant decisions: "I will open the door."
  • Predictions (general/opinion): "My team will win the match," "It will rain tomorrow."
  • Keywords: I think, I hope, Maybe, I'm sure.
  • Weather forecasts.
  • "Not sure" plans.
• Example: I will go with you.

Be Going To + Verb

• Usage: Intentions and plans already made (Tener pensado).
• Example: I am going to buy a car (Voy a comprar).

Present Continuous for Future

• Usage: Confirmed arrangements/secure plans (Planes seguros).
• Example: You are taking the train tomorrow at $8.00$.

Present Simple for Future

• Usage: Official schedules and timetables (Horarios).

Future Perfect

• Structure: WILL HAVE + Past Participle.
• Keywords: BY NEXT WEEK, BY THE END OF…
• Example: I WILL HAVE EATEN FISH BY FRIDAY (Yo habré comido).

Future Continuous

• Structure: WILL BE + -ING.
• Keyword: THIS TIME NEXT WEEK.
• Example: I WILL BE SUNBATHING THIS TIME NEXT WEEK (Yo estaré tomando el sol).

Major Verb Tenses and Key Words

Present Simple

• Structure: S + V (+ s/es for 3rd person).
• Questions/Negative: Use Do/Does/Don't/Doesn't.
• Key Words: Every day/year/month/Wednesday, Always, Usually, Sometimes, Hardly ever, How often?, Never, On Sundays.

Present Continuous

• Structure: AM/ARE/IS + -ING.
• Key Words: Now, At the moment, Right now, Today, Later, Tomorrow.

Past Simple

• Structure: S + V-ed / 2nd Column.
• Questions/Negative: Use Did / Didn't.
• Key Words: Last year/month/Monday/week, Yesterday, In 1990, When/then, Ago, Until.

Past Continuous

• Structure: WAS/WERE + -ING.
• Key Words: As, While, Whereas.

Present Perfect

• Structure: HAVE/HAS + 3rd Column.
• Key Words:
  • For / Since: Duration/Beginning.
  • Just: Acabar de.
  • Already: Ya.
  • Yet: Todavía (End of phrase, negative/interrogative).
  • Ever / Never: Questions / Negative experiences.
  • Recently, This…
• Example: I have been in Paris for $1$ year.

Past Perfect

• Structure: HAD + 3rd Column.
• Key Words: (Never) before.

Advanced Grammar: Modals, Wish, and Tags

Modal Verbs

• Certainty and Possibility:
  • MUST: Obviousness; logically sure.
  • CAN'T: Impossibility; firm belief that something is not true.
  • MAY / MIGHT: Possibility. (Clues: Maybe, Perhaps, I'm not sure, I don't know).
• Obligation, Advice, and Permission:
  • HAVE TO: External inescapable obligation (laws/rules).
  • MUST / MUSTN'T: Personal obligation or flexible norms.
  • DON'T HAVE TO / DON'T NEED TO: Absence of obligation (not necessary).
  • SHOULD / OUGHT TO: Personal advice/recommendation ("meterse en la vida de alguien").
  • CAN / COULD: Polite requests and questions.

Dominando el Uso de "WISH" (Ojalá)

• WISH + Pasado Simple: Present wishes or missing abilities. (Example: I wish I were rich - Ojalá fuera rico/a).
• WISH + Pasado Perfecto: Regrets about the past. (Example: I wish you had played the match - Ojalá hubieras jugado el partido).
• WISH + WOULD: Complaints about current situations or desiring behavior change. (Example: I wish you would stop smoking - Me molesta que fumes y quiero que pares).
• Comparison: "I wish you would stop" (Complaint/Annoyance) vs. "I wish you stopped" (General concern for health).

Question Tags

• Oración Afirmativa: Tag Negativa (You LIKE reading, DON'T you?).
• Oración Negativa: Tag Afirmativa (You DON'T LIKE reading, DO you?).
• Auxiliary Selection:
  • Verbo "To Be": This book IS interesting, ISN'T it?
  • Present Simple: Sally LIVES in a big house, DOESN'T she?
  • Past Simple: Sally LIVED in a big house, DIDN'T she?
  • Future: She WILL bring the children, WON'T she?
  • Modal: Simon CAN swim well, CAN'T he?

Verb Patterns: -ING vs. TO

• Rule: Follow the "second verb in -ING" rule for most verbs.
• Exceptions (Require 'TO'):
  • WANT TO
  • NEED TO
  • DECIDE TO
  • TRY TO
  • PROMISE TO
  • HELP (can use TO or normal verb)
  • GO TO
  • LISTEN TO
  • HAVE TO
  • IMPORTANT TO (THAT)
  • DIFFICULT TO
  • BE CAREFUL TO
  • OUGHT TO
  • FINISH TO
  • ADVISE TO
  • ENCOURAGE TO

Common Collocations

• MAIDEN-NAME / VOYAGE: nombre de soltera / viaje inaugural
• FRANTIC / COLLABORATIVE EFFORTS: sobre esfuerzo / trabajo en grupo
• CONGESTED ROADS / TRAFFIC JAM / HEAVY TRAFFIC: atasco
• FIERCE COMPETITION: competición reñida
• FURTHER INFORMATION: para más información
• SENTIMENTAL / NOVELTY VALUE: valor sentimental / valor nuevo
• BRAND NEW: nuevo del paquete
• STANDING OVATION: ovación de pie
• BITTER END: final amargo
• DUE DATE: fecha de entrega
• ROUGH DRAFT: boceto
• BUSHY EYEBROWS: cejas pobladas
• RAPID PROGRESS: progreso rápido
• RECORD BREAKER: la persona que rompe el récord
• HEALTHY APPETITE: dieta saludable
• BUMPY FLIGHT: vuelo con turbulencias
• LOST LUGGAGE: equipaje perdido
• AISLE SEAT: asiento de pasillo
• HARSH CRITICISM: críticas duras
• SLY / SMUG GRIN: sonrisa maliciosa / irónica

Vocabulary Reference

Nouns and Objects

• Abroad: Al extranjero
• Ancient: Antiguo
• **An