Chapter 1

Chapter 1

Population Matters

• Overview of U.S. and Texas population data over historical years.

  • U.S. Population Data:

  • 1776: 2.5 million

  • 1800: 5.3 million

  • 1845: 125,000

  • 1900: 76.2 million (3.1 million in Texas, 4%)

  • 2000: 281.4 million (20.9 million in Texas, 7.4%)

  • 2010: 308.7 million (25.2 million in Texas, 8.2%)

  • 2020: 331.4 million (29.1 million in Texas, 8.8%)

  • 2024 (projected): 335.8 million (31.3 million in Texas, 9.3%)

Demographic Matters

• Racial and ethnic composition changes over time in the U.S. and Texas

  • Non-Hispanic White:

  • 2000: 216.9 million (69%) U.S., 10.9 million (52.4%) Texas

  • 2010: 231 million (64%) U.S., 11.4 million (45.3%) Texas

  • 2020: 58% U.S., 39.6% Texas

  • Hispanic:

  • 2000: 35.3 million (13%) U.S., 6.7 million (32%) Texas

  • 2010: 50.5 million (16%) U.S., 9.46 million (37.6%) Texas

  • 2020: 19.5% U.S., 39.8% Texas

  • African American:

  • 2000: 36.4 million (12.9%) U.S., 2.4 million (11.5%) Texas

  • 2010: 42 million (13%) U.S., 2.98 million (11.7%) Texas

  • 2020: 13.7% U.S., 13.6% Texas

  • Asian:

  • 2000: 11.9 million (3.6%) U.S., 0.6 million (2.7%) Texas

  • 2010: 4.8% U.S., 5.0% Texas

  • 2020: 6.4% U.S., 6% Texas

  • Foreign Born:

  • 2000: 11.1% U.S., 14% Texas

  • 2010: 13% U.S., 16.4% Texas

  • 2020: 13.7% U.S., 17.2% Texas

Total Fertility Rates (TFR)

• Projected Number of Children per Woman in the U.S. based on demographic changes and historical data:

  • Rates (1980-2013):

  • 1980: 2.96 Hispanic

  • 2000: 2.50 TFR overall

  • 2010: 2.70 overall

  • 2021: 2.00 or more

  • By Race and Ethnicity:

  • Hispanic: 2.15 (2010), 2.00 (under projected rates)

  • Black (non-Hispanic): 1.85 (2010), 1.89 (under projected rates)

  • White (non-Hispanic): 1.75 (2010), 1.70 (about projected rates)

  • Asian: 1.68 (2010), 1.33 (under projected rates)

  • American Indian: 1.33 (data not fully revealed)

Birth Statistics (2020)

• Births per 1,000 women in 2020 varied by ethnic groups:

  • Overall number of live births: 3,664,292

  • Group breakdowns include:

  • Native Hawaiian/Other Pacific Islander

  • Hispanic: 1,875.5 per 1,000 women

  • Black (non-Hispanic): 1,714 per 1,000 women

  • White (non-Hispanic): 1,641 per 1,000 women

  • American Indian/Alaska Native: 1,552 per 1,000 women

  • Asian: 1,516.5 per 1,000 women

Immigration Impacts on Fertility

• Between 2008-2019: immigrants showed a declining total fertility rate, which influenced overall U.S. population growth.

  • Immigrants: 2.0 TFR

  • Native-born: 1.69 TFR

  • Overall U.S. Population: 1.76 TFR

State Comparisons (2022)

• Population as of July 2022:

  • Texas: 30 million

  • U.S.: 333.3 million

• Educational Attainment (2017-2021):

  • High school graduates % (25 and over): Texas: 84.7%, U.S.: 88.9%

  • Bachelor's degree or higher % (25 and over): Texas 31.5%, U.S. 33.7%

• Economic Indicators (2017-2021):

  • Median household income: Texas $67,321, U.S. $69,021

  • Per capita income: Texas $34,255, U.S. $37,638

  • Persons below poverty level %: Texas 14.2%, U.S. 11.6%

  • Incarceration rate per 100,000 residents: Texas 840 (#10), U.S. 664 (#1)

  • Violent crime rate: Texas 446.5, U.S. 398.5

  • Unemployment (Nov 2022): Texas 3.8%, U.S. 3.7%

Health Indicators

• Maternal and Infant Mortality Rates (2018-2021):

  • Maternal death rate per 100,000 live births: Texas 28.1, U.S. 23.5

  • Infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births (2023): Texas 5.8 (#18), U.S. 5.9 (#55)

  • Life Expectancy (2016): Texas 78.5 (#19), U.S. 78.6 (#31)

American Federalism Overview

• Structure of government in the U.S.: 50 state governments, 1 federal government, approximately 90,000 local governments.

• Texas Local Structure:

  • 254 counties,

  • 1,209 cities,

  • 1,082 school districts,

  • 2,291 special districts.

Expenditures and Government Spending (2014)

• Total government spending: $7.3 trillion (60% federal, 40% state/local)

• Per capita spending: $20,693.