sesi 7 bandura (excluded)

Bandura: Social Cognitive Theory

Overview of Social Cognitive Theory

• Central Human Characteristic Is Plasticity

  • Flexibility to learn diverse behaviors in various situations.

• Emphasis on Vicarious Learning

  • Learning by observing others.

  • Reinforcement can be vicarious, e.g., observing another person receiving a reward.

• Triadic Reciprocal Causation Model

  • Human behavior influenced by behavioral, environmental, and personal factors.

  • Shaped by chance encounters and fortuitous events.

Agentic Perspectives

• Self-Efficacy

  • Confidence in performing behaviors that lead to desired outcomes.

• Proxy Agency and Collective Agency

  • Predict performance and outcomes in various contexts.

• Regulation of Conduct

  • Internal and external factors guide behavior.

  • Moral agency regulates conduct in morally ambiguous situations.

Biography of Albert Bandura

• Born in 1925 Alberta, Canada

  • Only boy with five older sisters, learned independence from sisters.

• Educational Background

  • PhD in clinical psychology from the University of Iowa (1951).

• Professional Achievements

  • Published "Adolescent Aggression" in 1959.

  • President of the American Psychological Association (1974).

  • Stanford University professor for over 50 years, focusing on social cognitive theory.

Learning

• Flexibility in Learning

  • Humans capable of learning diverse attitudes, skills, and behaviors.

• Observational Learning

  • Involves observing and symbolically representing information.

  • Influenced by the characteristics of the model, observer, and consequences of modeled behavior.

Processes Governing Observational Learning

• Attention

  • Frequency of association, attractiveness of the model, nature of the behavior.

• Representation

  • Involves verbal and non-verbal coding; requires rehearsal.

• Behavioral Production

  • Involves questioning one's ability and progress.

• Motivation

  • Learning is most effective when learners are motivated.

Enactive Learning

• Learning through Direct Experiences

  • Evaluating the consequences of behaviors.

• Functions of Consequences

  • Provide guidance for future actions and motivate behaviors.

Triadic Reciprocal Determinism

• Three Interacting Variables

  • Person: cognitive factors, gender, social position.

  • Behavior: previous reinforcement experiences.

  • Environment: interpersonal relationships, socioeconomic conditions.

  • Cognition typically strongest contributor to performance.

Chance Encounters and Fortuitous Events

• Definitions

  • Chance encounter: unintended meeting of unfamiliar persons.

  • Fortuitous events: unexpected environmental experiences; individuals can prepare for and respond to these encounters.

Human Agency

• Agentic View of Personality

  • Humans exercise control over their lives; self-regulating, proactive, self-reflective.

• Essence of Humanness

  • Involves exploring and influencing the environment for desired outcomes.

Core Features of Human Agency

• Intentionality

  • Intentional actions and adapting plans based on consequences.

• Forethought

  • Setting goals and anticipating outcomes for behavior selection.

• Self-Reactivity

  • Monitoring progress towards fulfilling choices.

• Self-Reflectiveness

  • Evaluating motivations, values, and influences of others on personal actions.

Self-Efficacy

• Definition

  • Belief in one's capability to control functioning and environmental events.

• Distinctions

  • Efficacy expectations vs. outcome expectations; context-dependent and situation-specific.

Contributors to Self-Efficacy

• Mastery Experiences

  • Successful performance increases self-efficacy; failure decreases it.

• Social Modeling

  • Observing others can enhance or diminish self-efficacy.

• Social Persuasion

  • Persuasive influences can impact self-efficacy.

• Physical and Emotional States

  • Strong emotions may lower performance; moderate emotional arousal may enhance performance.

Self-Efficacy Predicting Behavior

• Proxy Agency

  • Indirect control over social conditions affecting daily living; relying on others' competencies.

• Collective Efficacy

  • Shared beliefs in collective power to achieve results; relies on individual skills and shared goals.

Self-Regulation

• Behavior Regulation

  • High self-efficacy supports behavior regulation; uses proactive and reactive strategies.

• External and Internal Factors

  • External standards for evaluation; internal self-monitoring processes.

Self-Regulation through Moral Agency

• Moral Standards

  • Regulating actions based on conduct standards; entails avoiding harm and promoting help to others.

Dysfunctional Behavior

• Depression

  • Issues in self-observation, judgmental processes, and self-reactions lead to distorted self-view.

• Phobias

  • Learned through direct contact or observational experiences; hard to extinguish.

• Aggression

  • Learned through observation and reinforcement; linked to personal standards and social influences.

Therapy

• Social Learning Therapy Goals

  • Inducing behavioral changes via modeling, cognitive modeling, and maintaining changes to prevent relapse.

Related Research**

• Terrorism

  • Self-efficacy can mitigate the negative impacts of perceived threats.

• Diabetes

  • Higher self-efficacy linked to better health outcomes and self-management.

• Global Applications of Social Cognitive Theory

  • Collaborative efforts to promote positive behavioral changes in international contexts.

Critique of Bandura

• Strengths

  • High research generation, internal consistency, and practicality.

Concept of Humanity

• Key Aspects

  • Emphasis on free choice, optimism, social factors over biology, and individual uniqueness.

Reflection**

• Personal reflections on behaviors and moral agency as influenced by Bandura's social cognitive theory.