AP Euro Unit 3

This is a political theory that royal authority came directly from God. He had a tense relationship with parliament. 

He wanted everyone to join an Anglican church and no other religious groups were allowed. 

He did not believe that parliament should hold him back because he was a king from god.

Henry VIII relied on parliament to make his policies legitimate

Urged parliament to pass many laws

Gain political support he needed to consolidate his authority

The Petition of Right was a document implemented by parliament

This document limited the monarch's rule and power

Gave the King's less power and the Parliament a higher authority

King Charles 1st VS Parliament clashing over political powers

Cavaliers loyal to king Charles I, aristocrats, nobles, and church officials

• Cavaliers believed in a strong monarchy and the Anglican Church, believed that the Church should be governed by bishops appointed by the Kings.

• They believed in the king's divine authority.

Roundheads loyal to Oliver Cromwell/ Long Parliament

• They were the middle class people who were protestant

• Favored a parliamentary monarchy where the king would be subject to make laws by parliament

• They wanted a simpler form of worship and a more decentralized government

• The presbyterians among them wanted reform the church and reduce the role of the bishops

Charles I loses war and beheaded

Limits the power of the monarchy

Made england a military dictatorship

Established a theocracy

Censored and banned all “pointless enjoyment” (pubs, sports, controlled press)

Named glorious because there was no bloodshed

Led to the bill of rights being established

Gave less power to the monarchy and more to the people

No divine right

Parliament consent for laws

Independent parliament

Enclosure movement: Took away free peasant land and gated off by farmers

• Result: Allowed them to produce more by previously unproductive land

Crop rotation: Rotating crop produces to maximize efficiency 

• Result: max production of food and surplus

Manure fertility: Using manure as a fertilizer for soil

• Result: Maximize production of land

Seed drill: efficient placing of seeds to maximize growth

Peasants left rural areas and moved towards suburbs

Farmers had more land to grow food for the population growth in cities

Business had more workers because peasants needed money to afford food

Surplus and job specialization was at an all time high and trade continue to prosper

The agricultural revolution was the main reason for urbanization and allowed for an easy shift for people from rural areas to cities

It allows for job specialization and allow peasants to now work instead of supplying for themselves

Farmers had surpluses and could sell food to people allowing people to focus on other jobs and developing new ideas

The population growth resulted in a surplus of food needing to be produced to supply everyone

The need for surplus led to innovations in farming and techniques

Potatoes: easy to farm, cheap and nutrient rich was a main source of food for people 

• Result: nutrient rich foods from farms and the new world (columbian exchange) allowed for cheaper food (which increases birth rate and family sizes) and healthier food (which increases life expectancy)

Due to the enclosure system, rural families did not have farms to be self sufficient

The rise of the cottage industry allowed for these families to provide for themselves and make money at home

The system worked like a conveyor belt but not in a factory:

• A merchant would bring Raw materials to a worker in their house

  • Unlike previously, each worker specialized in specific steps of the process

    • Some would raise sheep, process wool, weave or color/dye

• After the production process was complete, the merchant would pick up the product and pay the workers

• This gave rural families a sufficient income to afford food and other necessities

Insurance companies

• Provides protection for financial losses

  • Businesses would pay a fee to guarantee compensation for financial losses from fire, theft, boat sinking

• Allowed business to run and stay in business

• Gives business more reason to open and run with guaranteed compensation for financial losses

Banks

• Allowed for people to deposit money and take out loans

• Money would be lent out as venture capital to businessmen to help fund voyages or new buildings

• Banks made money off these loans by collecting interest 

Joint stock companies

• Allowed multiple people to own a share in a company

• They would buy portions of the company and share profits/losses with others

• Lowered the risk of an individual losing lots of money from an investment

They were middle/upper class people 

They were wealthy people who funded businesses, ventures and trade

They were key to the success of the market economy and the new ideas of the time

They were wealthy which earned them a voice in society and government

Argued that nobility should be granted by wealth and not by merit (family)

Contribute to traditional government systems of monarchical (monarchy) and aristocratic rule in Europe

Mercantilism

• Economic system that relies on government intervention to achieve a favorable balance of trade

• Economic system to amass (gather/accumulate) wealth for the Mother Country

• Under mercantilism, the government set prices, imposed tariffs and regulated production schedules.

Colonies - would produce raw materials that the government would then take, manufacture and sell back to colonists

The world's wealth was finite. According to this view, the more gold and silver a nation accumulated, the more powerful and prosperous it became

Colonists were forbidden from manufacturing goods themselves or trading freely with other nations. Instead, they sent raw materials like sugar, tobacco, cotton and silver to Europe, where these resources were processed into finished goods.These goods were then sold back to the colonies at a profit.This system, while profitable for European powers, was exploitative by nature. Colonists were often forced into labor intensive industries, while indigenous populations and enslaved Africans were subjugated and used to fuel the growing demand for raw materials.

The colonies would produce raw materials that the government would then take, manufacture and sell back to the colonies. 

Navigation Acts - a series of laws passed in the 17th century to restrict foreign ships from trading with English colonies. This ensured that the profits of colonial trade flowed back to England and helped fuel its rise as a global.

European mercantilism created deep inequalities between European nations and their colonies.

Mercantilist policies helped perpetuate systems of exploitation, particularly through slavery and the transatlantic slave trade.

Around 12.5 million Africans were forcibly transported to the Americas, where they were sold into slavery.

Enslaved people worked on plantations producing sugar, tobacco, and cotton—high-demand commodities in Europe.

The Triangular Trade system fueled this cycle of exploitation, providing cheap labor and resources for European economies. Indigenous and enslaved populations suffered greatly under these systems.

European nations profited from colonial trade, contributing to the rise of the middle class in Europe.

Colonial wealth helped expand consumer culture, making luxury goods like sugar, silks, and tea more accessible in Europe.

Enlightenment ideas spread across Europe, prompting thinkers like Adam Smith to challenge mercantilist economic control.

In 1776, Smith published The Wealth of Nations, arguing that free trade and competition would generate more wealth than government monopolies and tariffs.

Smith's ideas laid the foundation for modern economics and helped drive the decline of mercantilist policies.

• By the 18th century, the flaws in mercantilism became clearer:

European powers were engaged in costly colonial wars.

Strict control over colonial economies stifled innovation and economic diversity.

Growing dissatisfaction in the colonies, highlighted by events like the American Revolution, questioned the idea that colonies should only serve the interests of their mother countries.

the Triangular Trade helped European economies grow by exchanging goods, enslaved people, and raw materials between Europe, Africa, and the Americas.

European countries sent manufactured goods to Africa, traded them for enslaved Africans, and brought raw materials like sugar and cotton back to Europe.

This system made European countries rich, supporting mercantilism and boosting consumer culture in Europe.

However, it caused great suffering for enslaved people and indigenous populations, while creating deep inequalities.

Many persecuted groups go to Netherlands

• Ex - jews from spain

Lots of the persecuted groups were merchants and welcomed to the netherlands

Dutch weren’t involved in any religious conflicts, so they had spare money that helped their economy

No Religious themes bc they prohibited the use of Religious paintings 

About lives of its patrons- merchants

Individual and group, landscapes, and scenes of everyday life

Smaller works bc they were displayed in homes

One of the first Central banking institution

Developed global trading network

Replaced Italians as bankers of Europe

Access to North sea

Best known painter in western world

His self portrait was accurate- wrinkles, serious, slight depression

Very hard for painters to draw and they showed off skills

Merchants flex bc they can afford

Overall they both flex

Religion- large calvinistic population

Strong, rich merchant class

• Because they were religiously tolerant 

European states tried to get a balance of power

A balance of power is when one country doesn’t have too much power and rule over everyone else

Ironically, standing armies were necessary for peace

If they had full time, trained soldiers, they were less of an easy target and would be less likely to be attacked

This makes sure that no country dominates every other country to break the balance of power

Louis wanted France to be a Universal Monarchy which means they would rule over all other territories

Also wanted to expand the territory of France and Weaken Habsburg influence

Economic causes:

• Inflation: massive inflation from major importations of gold from america and almost all the gold in American colonies was exported to spain

• Army: insane amounts of money compared to other nations was needed to fund the spanish standing army, many soldiers leave after not being paid

Social causes:

• Harvests: many seasons of poor harvesting occurs

• Weak commercial class: spain had few merchants after expelling all non-Catholics

• Overtaxed peasants: peasants taxed insane amount, hate the spanish monarchy and do many revolts

War fought for balance of power determining if Philip of Anjou will be the next Spanish King

• France and Spain vs Grand Alliance

If Philip became spanish king, very likely that spain and france would merge, becoming a universal monarch

• Philip of Anjou was grandson of Louis XIV of France,

Treaty of Utrecht ends spanish war of succession

Allows philip of anjou to be next spanish king

Prevents france and spain from merging

• Gave spain a strong leader, but he couldn’t start a universal monarchy by merging with france

Divided many lands and split them between other nations (american colonies to british, belgium and luxembourg to austria)

Huge possibility that france and spain would merge empires

• Philip of Anjou (Louis XIV’s grandson) named spanish successor to throne

Allowed Philip to be king, but forbid him from merging with France

Gave territories to other nations - england receives lots of colonies and allowed to export africans to colonies

Made spain a weaker european nation, countries like netherlands rise to power

Hobbes: social contract - only absolutist nations can be prevented from becoming a state of nature, people will only obey rule when they fear the consequences, citizens give ruler absolutist power

Bossuet: divine right of rule - g.d gives ruler absolutist power, obedience to rulers is necessary so that they can follow g.ds proper rule on earth, king and his rule are sacred, ruler is responsible for looking after his people

Strong ambitious dynasties - monarchs marrying between other monarchs, fighting wars, making treaties

Subordination of nobility - nobles had to accept that kings were in charge for many grants and rewards, making them obedient to the monarchy

Expanded state structure - monarchs centralized to expand their authority, increased taxes, sold hereditary noble positions

Militarization - absolute monarchs formed larger standing armies

Religious intolerance - Catholic rulers had authority over church and were intolerant of non-Catholics

Monumentalism - fancy buildings and capitals for government built to show off

Richelieu made policies strengthening monarchy, increasing government revenue, and expanding the bureaucracy

Sent people to spy on nobles and established Intendant System, weakening their power, thus strengthening monarchy

Influenced France to limit Habsburg power, supported Protestants against Habsburgs in Thirty Years War

Fronde -

• A series of wars fought due to the refusal of the Parlement of Paris to approve the government's revenue measures . 

•  aristocratic rebellion against the centralizing policies of the monarchy under Louis XIV's regent.  The Fronde began in Paris with protests against high taxes and the centralization of power, but it eventually spread across France.

• Louis XIV was a child during the Fronde. He got trust issues with nobility and became a control freak w them 

Reflects his ideas of absolute monarchy. 

His word is as good as the law. He is beyond the law. 

Absolute power over everything, military and taxes. NO one from clergy or nobility could question him. 

He keeps the nobility there for parties and gov things. This controls them because they are living with him and it's harder to start a rebellion. 

Versailles shows his power because of how awing it was and his prosperity every other country was jelly 

Nobility spent a lot of time in versailles

Nobles focused on personal ambition and luxury, distracting them from political power and the possibility of rebellion.

“Keep your friends close and enemies closer”

Intendant System: Intendants (government officials of merchant class) appointed over Generalities (states) of France, enforcing royal order over the nobles, strengthening monarchy

Promoted mercantilism - export more than you import

Placed high tariffs on goods entering france

Lowered french debt

Expanded manufacturing by abolishing domestic tariffs

Bureaucratic reform:

Built st petersburg right next to baltic sea

Established many sea ports