Period 7

Key Concepts

KC-3.4: European states struggled to maintain international stability in an age of nationalism and revolutions.
KC-3.4.II: Breakdown of the Concert of Europe led to national unification movements in Italy and Germany and liberal reforms elsewhere.
KC-3.4.III: Unification of Italy and Germany transformed European balance of power and prompted a new diplomatic order.
KC-3.5: Various motives and methods intensified European global control and strained relations among Great Powers.
- KC-3.5.II: Industrial and technological developments (e.g., the Second Industrial Revolution) facilitated control of global empires.
KC-3.6: European culture reflected a tension between objectivity/scientific realism and subjectivity/individual expression.
- KC-3.6.II: After the revolutions of 1848, there was a shift toward a realist and materialist worldview.

KC-3.3.I.F: Nationalists encouraged loyalty to the nation through romantic idealism, liberal reform, political unification, racialism (including anti-Semitism), and chauvinism.
- Romantic Idealism: Artists like the Grimm Brothers, Richard Wagner, and Victor Hugo celebrated national history and folk traditions.
- National Aggrandizement: The belief in a nation's superiority; Johann Gottlieb Fichte argued for Germany's leading role.
- Chauvinism: Excessive pride in one's nation.
KC-3.3.I.G: Despite increasing acculturation of Jews in Western Europe, Zionism emerged as a national response to rising anti-Semitism.
KC-3.4.II.B: Leaders such as Napoleon III, Cavour, and Bismarck harnessed nationalism for state-strengthening.
KC-3.4.II.C: The dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary recognized the Hungarian majority's political power in an effort to stabilize the state.

Racialism: The belief that race determines moral and intellectual capabilities.
- Pan-Slavism: Movement to unite Slavic peoples for cultural and political aspirations.
- Anti-Semitism: Included pogroms in Russia and movements like the Dreyfus Affair in France highlighting discrimination against Jews.
- Zionism: Movement advocating for the return of Jews to their ancestral homeland in Israel.

KC-3.4.II.B: New conservative leaders leveraged national sentiment to strengthen their states.
- Napoleon III: Initially a popular president; later became Emperor while modernizing Paris.
- Bismarck: Promoted a nationalistic foreign policy while adopting selected liberal reforms.

KC-3.4.II.C: Established in 1867, recognizing Hungarian political power post-1848 revolutions, it maintained a balance amid diverse ethnic groups.
- Compromise of 1867: Created two capitals and recognized German and Hungarian as official languages.

KC-3.4.III: The Crimean War demonstrated the Ottoman Empire's weakness, leading to national unification.
- Italian Unification: Led by Cavour's diplomacy and Garibaldi's military efforts; by 1861, Victor Emmanuel II became king of a unified Italy.
- German Unification: Bismarck used Realpolitik and alliances to achieve unity, notably during the Franco-Prussian War.

KC-3.4.III.E: Nationalist movements in the Balkans heightened international tensions, leading to crises among Great Powers.
- Key Events included the Congress of Berlin and the Balkan Wars.

Motives for Imperialism (KC-3.5.II):
- Advanced weaponry (e.g., machine guns) ensured military superiority.
- Technological advancements in transport (e.g., steamships) and communication (e.g., telegraphs) facilitated empire-building.

KC-3.5.III: Imperialism spurred debates in Europe and faced resistance in colonies.
- Works like Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness criticized colonial exploitation.
- Resistance movements included the Zulu Resistance and India's Sepoy Mutiny.

KC-3.6.II.B: Charles Darwin's theories on evolution laid groundwork for Social Darwinism, justifying racial hierarchies.
- Positivism: Established science as the sole source of knowledge (Auguste Comte).
- Modernism: Shifted cultural values amidst industrial change, questioning traditional moral codes.
- Freudian Psychology: Introduced concepts of the subconscious influencing human behavior.

Romanticism vs Realism: Focus on emotion and individuality versus social issues and realism.
- Noteworthy figures: Romantic artists (Tchaikovsky, Wagner) vs. Realist writers (Zola, Dickens).
- Modern movements like Impressionism and Cubism reflected subjective experiences in art.