Unit 8??? Botany
Why are plants important?
Essential to nearly all life on Earth
Are the base of most food chains
Produce oxygen
Algae and phytoplankton are most of the oxygen producing organisms in the ocean.
Uses sunlight to perform photosynthesis, removes Co2 from atmosphere, makes oxygen.
Photosynthesis chemical equation: Co2 + Water + Light (thermal energy/sun) = Glucose + O2
These organisms help regulate climate, erosion, and provides habitats for many organisms.
Plant Structure and Function
Roots - Absorbs water and minerals from soil. Anchors plant to ground.
Stem - Supports the plant above ground. Transports water and minerals.
Leaves - Collects energy from sun. Uses energy to make food for plant. (Photosynthesis!)
Flower - Involved in plant reproduction
Fruit - Helps distribute plant’s seeds
Seed - Baby plant and nutrients inside a protective coat.
Flower Anatomy
Male reproductive features - Stamen, anther, filament
Female reproductive features - Pistil, stigma, ovary
Non reproductive features - Petal, sepal
Leaf Anatomy
Leaves are important because - are plants’ primary food factories and control critical life processes. Responsible for photosynthesis
Plant Cells and Chloroplasts
Chloroplasts - organelles only found in plant cells. Function: perform photosynthesis. Green pigment in photosynthesis is the chlorophyll.
Only three types of organisms that can photosynthesize: Plants, bacteria, algae.
Photosynthesis
Autotrophs absorb light from the sun - turn it into food by synthesizing sugar. Stores that energy. Happens in daytime.
Cellular respiration releases energy. Happens in day and night.
Autotrophs use photosynthesize to make glucose, oxygen, and water.
Carbohydrates and Energy Storage
Carbohydrates - simple and complex
Simple - High in sugar
Complex - Complicated in structure
Carbohydrates are made of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen.
Ratio of carbon : hydrogen : oxygen : 1 : 2 : 1
Most carbohydrates from a pentagon shape. Not always.
Types of carbohydrates
Monosaccharide - one sugar - monomer - ex. Glucose
Disaccharide - two sugars - polymer - ex. Surcose
Polysaccharide - Many sugars - polymer - ex. Amylose starch
Monosaccharides
Formula - Glucose
Ex.
Glucose - makes ATP
Galactose - Found in milk
Fructose - Fruit sugar.
Disaccharides
Ex.
Forms when two monosaccharides join through covalent bond via dehydration synthesis.
Simple sugars make quick, short term energy and are easily broken down.
Polysaccharides
Made of many sugars - long chain of different types of monosaccharides. Sometimes branched together, sometimes not. Also sometimes in spiral forms - branches and spirals make it easier to break down into monomers - energy.
Used for energy storage and organism support (structure)
Provide a more steady source of energy - better for organism.
Energy Storage Vs Structure
Glycogen - used by animals - used for energy storage
Starch - Used by plants - used for energy storage
Cellulose - used by plants - used for structure
Chitin - used by crustacean - used for structure.
Starch vs. Glycogen
Plants store excess glucose as starch.
Animals store excess glucose as glycogen - found in muscles.
Cellulose and Structure
Cellulose - found in fruits, nuts, etc. Packed tightly, hard to break down, therefore not greatest source of energy for organisms. Some forms where cellulose is found (like paper) has no nutritional benefit to it to humans because we don’t have cellulose enzymes like other organisms.
Hydrolysis and Dehydration Synthesis
Purpose - to build and break down biological macromolecules (carbs, proteins, lipids, etc)
Dehydration Synthesis - Builds larger polymers by removing water molecule in bond.
Hydrolysis - Breaks down polymers into monomers by adding water molecule to split bond.
Plant Hormones and Responses
Plants respond to different environmental changes.
Auxins - Root initiation
Gibebrellins - stem elongation
Cytokinins - Growth under light
Ethylene - Produces plant stress response
Ethscisic ABA - Fruit ripening
Plants do not have a brain or nervous system.
Signaling danger to other plants - through chemical signal and common mycorrhizal network (CMN)- sends signals through roots in soil.