Ancient Architecture and Art of Ancient Islam

Ancient Islamic architecture and art flourished from the 7th century onwards, influenced by various cultures including Roman, Byzantine, Persian, and Indian.
Characterized by intricate designs, geometric patterns, calligraphy, and a focus on spirituality.

Mosques
- Central place of worship.
- Notable elements: Minarets, domes, prayer halls, and courtyards.
- Example: Great Mosque of Samarra (Iraq).
Domes
- Symbol of the heavens.
- Often adorned with mosaics or tiles.
- Example: Dome of the Rock (Jerusalem).
Minarets
- Tall towers for the call to prayer.
- Architectural variety across regions.
Courtyards
- Open spaces for congregation.
- Often surrounded by arcades.
Iwan
- Vaulted space open on one side.
- Common in Persian architecture.

Calligraphy
- Highly valued art form; often used in religious texts.
- Styles include Kufic and Naskh.
Geometric Patterns
- Complex, repeating designs symbolizing infinity.
- Used in tile work, stucco, and textiles.
Arabesques
- Floral and vegetal motifs.
- Symbolize the beauty of creation.

Alhambra (Spain)
- A palace and fortress complex.
- Renowned for intricate tile work and gardens.
Taj Mahal (India)
- Mausoleum built by Shah Jahan.
- Exemplifies Mughal architecture with its symmetry and white marble.
Great Mosque of Cordoba (Spain)
- Known for its horseshoe arches and expansive prayer hall.
Sultan Ahmed Mosque (Turkey)
- Also known as the Blue Mosque.
- Famous for its stunning blue tiles and large dome.

Persian Influence
- Use of gardens (paradise gardens) and intricate tile work.
Byzantine Influence
- Domes and mosaics, particularly in early Islamic architecture.
Indian Influence
- Incorporation of local styles in Mughal architecture.