12.1 - Alcohols, Thiols, Ethers, Aldehydes, and Ketones

• The hydroxyl group (so-oh) linked to a carbon chain is the functional group of an alcohol.

  • In phenol, an aromatic ring is attached to the hydroxyl group.

  • The working group for thiols is ̄SH, which is similar to the ̄OH alcohol group.

• The names of alcohols have old endings in the IUPAC system, and by numbering the carbon chain is the location of the −a OOH group

  • The name of cyclic alcohol is cycloalkanes

• The common names of simple alcohols preceding the term alcohol are generally called alkyl names.

  • A phenol is named aromatic alcohol.

• An atom of oxygen is linked with two alkyl or aromatic groups through a single bond.

• The alkyl or aromatic groups are alphabetically indicated in the common names of ethers, followed by ether.

12.2 - Properties of Alcohols

• Alcohols shall be classified by the number of carbon-bound alkyl groups in the ÚFO group

  • One group is attached to the hydroxyl carbon in primary (1°) alcohol.

  • Two groups are joined in secondary alcohol (2°)

  • Three groups are attached to hydroxyl carbon with tertiary (3°) alcohol.

• Alcohols in short chains can bind water to hydrogen that making it soluble.

12.3 - Aldehydes and Ketones

• The carbonyl group (C"O) consists of a two-way link between the carbon and the oxygen atom Aldehydes and ketones

• At the end of the carbon chains attached to at least one hydrogen atom, the carbonyl group is found in aldehydes.

  • In cetones, between the alkyl or aromatic groups, the carbonyl group takes place.

• For aldehydes and one for ketones, thee in the corresponding name is replaced in the IUPAC system.

• The carbonyl group is numbered to show its position for ketones with more than four carbon atoms in the main chain.

• Many simple aldehydes and ketones are named after the same.

• Aldehydes and ketones can link hydrogen to water molecules because they are a polar carbonyl group, which makes carbonyl compounds soluble in water from one to four carbon atoms.

12.4 - Reactions of Alcohols, Thiols, Aldehydes, and Ketones

• Alcohols undergo CO2, H2O, and energy combustion with O2.

• Alcohols dehydrate to produce alkenes at high temperatures in the presence of acid.

  • Aldehydes oxidize primary alcohols that can further oxidize carboxylic acids.

• Secondary alcohols are ketone oxidized.

  • No oxidizing tertiary alcohols.

• Thiols are subjected to disulfide oxidation

  • Carboxylic acids are easily oxidized by aldehydes, but the ketones do not oxidize.

• Tollens' reagent oxidizes aldehydes to give silver mirrors, but not ketones.

  • In the test by Benedict, blue cu2+ is reduced to a solid Cu2O of brick-red aldehydes with adjacent hydroxyl groups.

• In the presence of an alcohol-giving catalyst, aldehydes and ketones can be reduced with H2.