Chapter 12 - Alcohol, Thiols, Ethers, Aldehydes, and Ketones

The hydroxyl group (so-oh) linked to a carbon chain is the functional group of an alcohol.
* In phenol, an aromatic ring is attached to the hydroxyl group.
* The working group for thiols is ̄SH, which is similar to the ̄OH alcohol group.
The names of alcohols have old endings in the IUPAC system, and by numbering the carbon chain is the location of the −a OOH group
* The name of cyclic alcohol is cycloalkanes
The common names of simple alcohols preceding the term alcohol are generally called alkyl names.
* A phenol is named aromatic alcohol.
An atom of oxygen is linked with two alkyl or aromatic groups through a single bond.
The alkyl or aromatic groups are alphabetically indicated in the common names of ethers, followed by ether.

Alcohols shall be classified by the number of carbon-bound alkyl groups in the ÚFO group
  * One group is attached to the hydroxyl carbon in primary (1°) alcohol.
  * Two groups are joined in secondary alcohol (2°)
  * Three groups are attached to hydroxyl carbon with tertiary (3°) alcohol.
Alcohols in short chains can bind water to hydrogen that making it soluble.

The carbonyl group (C"O) consists of a two-way link between the carbon and the oxygen atom Aldehydes and ketones
At the end of the carbon chains attached to at least one hydrogen atom, the carbonyl group is found in aldehydes.
* In cetones, between the alkyl or aromatic groups, the carbonyl group takes place.
For aldehydes and one for ketones, thee in the corresponding name is replaced in the IUPAC system.
The carbonyl group is numbered to show its position for ketones with more than four carbon atoms in the main chain.
Many simple aldehydes and ketones are named after the same.
Aldehydes and ketones can link hydrogen to water molecules because they are a polar carbonyl group, which makes carbonyl compounds soluble in water from one to four carbon atoms.

Alcohols undergo CO2, H2O, and energy combustion with O2.
Alcohols dehydrate to produce alkenes at high temperatures in the presence of acid.
* Aldehydes oxidize primary alcohols that can further oxidize carboxylic acids.
Secondary alcohols are ketone oxidized.
* No oxidizing tertiary alcohols.
Thiols are subjected to disulfide oxidation
* Carboxylic acids are easily oxidized by aldehydes, but the ketones do not oxidize.
Tollens' reagent oxidizes aldehydes to give silver mirrors, but not ketones.
* In the test by Benedict, blue cu2+ is reduced to a solid Cu2O of brick-red aldehydes with adjacent hydroxyl groups.
In the presence of an alcohol-giving catalyst, aldehydes and ketones can be reduced with H2.