08291_PPT_ch03 - Processors and Ram
Page 1: Introduction
Title: CompTIA A+ Guide to IT Technical Support 10th Edition
Authors: Andrews, Dark, West
Copyright Information: © [2020] Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
Page 2: Chapter 3 Introduction
Chapter 3: Supporting Processors and Upgrading Memory
Authors: Andrews, Dark, West
Copyright Information: © [2020] Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
Page 3: Chapter Objectives
Compare characteristics and features of Intel and AMD processors used for personal computers
Select, install, and upgrade a processor
Compare different kinds of physical memory and how they work
Upgrade memory
Page 4: Types and Characteristics of Processors (1 of 3)
Processor: Installed on motherboard, determines system computing power
Major manufacturers: Intel and AMD
Features affecting processor performance and compatibility:
Processor speed
Lithography
Socket and chipset compatibility
Multiprocessing abilities
Multiprocessing
Multithreading
Multicore processing
Dual processors
Page 5: Types and Characteristics of Processors (2 of 3)
Continued Features:
Memory cache
Memory features supported by the motherboard
Support for virtualization
Integrated graphics
Overclocking
Modern architectures:
Hybrid processors: x86-64 (32-bit and 64-bit OS compatibility)
64-bit processors: x64/IA64 (requires 64-bit OS)
Page 6: Types and Characteristics of Processors (3 of 3)
Visual reference: Quad-core processor can handle multiple threads.
Page 7: Intel Processors (1 of 2)
Current families include:
Core Processors:
Core i9, Core i7 (high-end)
Core i5 (mainstream)
Core i3 (entry-level)
Pentium Processors (entry-level)
Atom Processors (low-end devices)
Celeron Processors (low-end netbooks)
Page 8: Intel Processors (2 of 2)
Mobile Processors: Centrino technology (integrated processor and chipset)
Dominance in server market (Xeon, Xeon Phi, and Itanium processors for high-end servers)
Page 9: AMD Processors (1 of 2)
Popular in gaming and hobbyist markets; generally less expensive
Current families:
Ryzen, Ryzen Pro, Ryzen Threadripper, A-Series, FX (for desktops)
Similar for laptops and servers: EPYC, Opteron
Page 10: AMD Processors (2 of 2)
Visual reference: AMD FX processor in AM3+ socket features eight cores.
Page 11: Selecting and Installing a Processor
Tasks for technicians:
Assemble computers
Exchange or upgrade processors
Key steps:
Match processor with system
Install processor on motherboard
Page 12: Selecting a Processor to Match System Needs (1 of 2)
Requirements: Match with motherboard's design
Processor selection criteria:
Highest performance supported by motherboard
Multitasking capabilities
Performance/power balance
Research reviews/comparison benchmarks
Page 13: Selecting a Processor to Match System Needs (2 of 2)
Visual reference: Thermal compound pre-applied on cooler.
Page 14: Installing a Processor and Cooler Assembly (1 of 14)
Precautions: Read motherboard user guide.
Steps for Intel processor installation:
Use ESD strap or antistatic gloves.
Power down, unplug, drain power, open case.
Remove socket protective cover.
Open socket lever and lift.
Remove processor cover.
Align processor notches with socket posts.
Page 15: Installing a Processor and Cooler Assembly (2 of 14)
Continue installation steps: 7. Ensure alignment in socket. 8. Push lever down to lock.
Page 16: Installing a Processor and Cooler Assembly (3 of 14)
Visual reference: Lift socket load plate to expose socket.
Page 17: Installing a Processor and Cooler Assembly (4 of 14)
Visual reference: Align processor using gold triangle and right-angle mark.
Page 18: Installing a Processor and Cooler Assembly (5 of 14)
Visual reference: Verify processor seated properly in socket.
Page 19: Installing a Processor and Cooler Assembly (6 of 14)
Cooler installation steps:
Understand cooler posts.
Apply thermal compound if needed.
Install plate if provided for heavy coolers.
Install cooler on top of processor.
Connect cooler fan power cord.
Verify processor recognition in BIOS/UEFI.
Page 20: Installing a Processor and Cooler Assembly (7 of 14)
Visual reference: Apply thermal compound to processor.
Page 21: Installing a Processor and Cooler Assembly (8 of 14)
Visual reference: Cooler assembly plate for motherboard support.
Page 22: Installing a Processor and Cooler Assembly (9 of 14)
Visual reference: Secure cooler pins clockwise to motherboard.
Page 23: Installing a Processor and Cooler Assembly (10 of 14)
Visual reference: Connect cooler fan to motherboard.
Page 24: Installing a Processor and Cooler Assembly (11 of 14)
Visual reference: Verify CPU recognition and temperature in BIOS/UEFI.
Page 25: Installing a Processor and Cooler Assembly (12 of 14)
Steps for AMD processor installation:
Open socket lever and remove protective cover.
Match pins’ orientation and place processor in socket.
Ensure pins are in the holes.
Press lever down and position properly.
Apply thermal compound and install cooler.
Page 26: Installing a Processor and Cooler Assembly (13 of 14)
Visual reference: Align four processor positions with socket.
Page 27: Installing a Processor and Cooler Assembly (14 of 14)
Visual reference: Clip attachment of cooler to motherboard.
Page 28: The Chipset
Chipset: A set of chips on the motherboard that work with the processor to control memory, buses, and peripherals.
Manufacturers: Intel, AMD, NVIDIA, SiS, VIA
Chipset architecture: North Bridge (fast) and South Bridge (slow).
Page 29: The Chipset Diagram
Visual reference: North Bridge and South Bridge controlling access to processor.
Page 30: Intel Chipsets (cont’d)
Features of chipsets:
Memory controller within processor (Nehalem chipset)
QuickPath Interconnect (QPI) technology
Example: Sandy Bridge chipset (DDR3 memory use).
Page 31: X58 Chipset Architecture
Diagram: Chipset layout and connectivity explaining data capabilities.
Page 32: Intel Chipsets (cont’d)
Ivy Bridge chipset: Improved efficiency, better performance, smaller size.
Page 33: AMD Chipsets
Description of AMD chipsets for various users, focusing on gaming and multimedia capabilities.
Page 34: NVIDIA, SIS and VIA Chipsets
These brands produce graphics processors and chipsets for Intel and AMD processors.
SLI: NVIDIA's method for connecting multiple video cards.
Page 35: Replacing the Processor in a Laptop (1 of 4)
Considerations before replacing:
Warranty issues, cost-effectiveness of replacement.
Steps:
Match CPU with manufacturer specifications.
Remove cover to access CPU and heat sink.
Page 36: Replacing the Processor in a Laptop (2 of 4)
Visual reference: Exposed laptop internals after cover removal.
Page 37: Replacing the Processor in a Laptop (3 of 4)
Visual reference: Screws holding CPU assembly in place.
Page 38: Replacing the Processor in a Laptop (4 of 4)
Visual reference: Removed processor from its socket.
Page 39: Memory Technologies (1 of 2)
Types of RAM:
Dynamic RAM (DRAM): Requires frequent refreshing.
Variations:
DIMM for desktops
SO-DIMM for laptops.
Page 40: Memory Technologies (2 of 2)
Visual reference: Overview of evolving memory technologies.
Page 41: DIMM and SO-DIMM Technologies (1 of 15)
Definition: DIMM (Dual Inline Memory Module)
DDR generations and pin counts:
DDR2: Faster than DDR, uses less power.
DDR3: Faster than DDR2, uses 240 pins.
DDR4: Faster than DDR3, uses 288 pins.
Page 42: DIMM and SO-DIMM Technologies (2 of 15)
Factors affecting DIMM performance:
Channels used, size, speed, error-checking.
Page 43: DIMM and SO-DIMM Technologies (3 of 15)
Channel types:
Single, Dual, Triple, Quad channels.
Benefits of Dual, Triple, and Quad channel configurations.
Page 44: DIMM and SO-DIMM Technologies (4 of 15)
Channeling Setup:
Must match motherboard specifications.
Color-coding on motherboards for channel configurations.
Page 45: DIMM and SO-DIMM Technologies (5 of 15)
Visual reference: Dual channel memory access.
Page 46: DIMM and SO-DIMM Technologies (6 of 15)
Visual reference: Matched pairs installed for dual channeling.
Page 47: DIMM and SO-DIMM Technologies (7 of 15)
Visual reference: Triple channel configuration.
Page 48: DIMM and SO-DIMM Technologies (8 of 15)
Motherboards using quad channeling have eight slots for maximum capability.
Page 49: DIMM and SO-DIMM Technologies (9 of 15)
Visual reference: Motherboard with eight DDR4 slots for quad channeling.
Page 50: DIMM Speeds
Speed measurement in MHz and PC rating (bandwidth calculation).
Page 51: DIMM and SO-DIMM Technologies (11 of 15)
Error Checking Techniques:
ECC for single bit correction and detection.
Parity checking (even/odd).
Page 52: DIMM and SO-DIMM Technologies (12 of 15)
Visual reference: Example of server memory using ECC.
Page 53: DIMM and SO-DIMM Technologies (13 of 15)
Buffered vs. Registered DIMMs
Benefits for server memory performance enhancements.
Page 54: DIMM and SO-DIMM Technologies (14 of 15)
CAS Latency: Measurement of access timing for memory modules.
Page 55: DIMM and SO-DIMM Technologies (15 of 15)
Types of Memory for Laptops:
Options: DDR4, DDR3L, DDR3, DDR2 SO-DIMM.
Page 56: How to Upgrade Memory (1 of 2)
Purpose of memory upgrade to resolve performance issues.
Page 57: How to Upgrade Memory (2 of 2)
Key questions for upgrading memory:
Amount of required memory,
Current types of RAM installed,
Compatibility with motherboard.
Page 58: How Much Memory Do I Need?
OS limitations affecting memory support:
32-bit: Maximum 4GB
64-bit: Much higher limits depending on version.
Page 59: What Type of Memory is Already Installed? (1 of 3)
Steps for identifying existing memory:
Visual check, consult documentation.
Consider physical layout and populated slots.
Page 60: What Type of Memory is Already Installed? (2 of 3)
Visual reference: Identify memory features from labels.
Page 61: What Type of Memory is Already Installed? (3 of 3)
Visual reference: Imprinted manufacturer information on motherboards.
Page 62: How Many and What Kind of Modules Can Fit on my Motherboard? (1 of 3)
Check motherboard documentation for memory support limits.
Page 63: How Many and What Kind of Modules Can Fit on my Motherboard? (2 of 3)
Serial Presence Detect (SPD) technology for module identification.
Page 64: How Many and What Kind of Modules Can Fit on my Motherboard? (3 of 3)
Visual reference: Motherboard memory slots layout.
Page 65: How Do I Select and Purchase the Right Memory Modules? (1 of 2)
Best practices for obtaining compatible memory modules:
Matching manufacturers, avoiding mixing buffered with unbuffered.
Page 66: How Do I Select and Purchase the Right Memory Modules? (2 of 2)
Visual reference: Memory upgrade utility for finding compatible modules.
Page 67: How Do I Install the New Modules? (1 of 4)
Important precautions during installation:
Use ESD strap, turn off power, handle modules with care.
Page 68: How Do I Install the New Modules? (2 of 4)
Installation steps for DIMMs:
Insert DIMMs, ensure clips lock them in place.
Page 69: How Do I Install the New Modules? (3 of 4)
Visual reference: Clips securing DIMMs in place.
Page 70: How Do I Install the New Modules? (4 of 4)
Visual reference: Proper installation technique for DIMMs.
Page 71: How to Upgrade Memory on a Laptop
Similar considerations as desktop upgrades plus part compatibility.
Page 72: Chapter Summary (1 of 3)
Key points:
CPU is the most important motherboard component.
Processor specifications to consider during selection.
Page 73: Chapter Summary (2 of 3)
Installation tips:
Follow motherboard directions, apply thermal compound properly.
Types and specifications of DIMM and SO-DIMM.
Page 74: Chapter Summary (3 of 3)
Buffers, registers importance, CAS Latency for benchmarking.
Laptops’ compatibility with various DDR types.