Module 3 : Bio diversity

1. define the three parts of modern biological systematics;

• Taxonomy → describe and naming living things

  • Derived from taxon 

  • Name assigned to a particular group 

• Classification → organizing of living things into different groups 

  • Nested in hierarchy (goes from more inclusive to less exclusive 

  • Dumb Kids Playing Cards On Freeway Get Smashed 

    • Domain > Kingdom> Phylum > Class> Order>Family> Genus > Species 

• Phylogeny → ancestry of living things `

  • Grouping that reflects grouping of all descendants 

2. describe the challenges of biological systematics;

• Aristotle named things as either: animal, plant or mineral 

• Linnaeus → est taxonomy system 

  • Dumb Kids Playing Cards On Freeway Get Smashed 

• Whittaker: 5 kingdoms 

  • Kingdoms 

1. Plantae (land plants) **true proper kingdom

2. Animalia  **true proper kingdom

3. Fungi 

4. Protista (all eukaryotes including a few algae and almost all single cells)  ** are a number of monophyletic kingdoms 

5. Monera (all prokaryotes) ** have two entire domains

• 3 KINDOMS 

  • ARCHEA (prokaryotic=lack nuclei) 

  • BACTERIA (prokaryotic=lack nuclei) 

  • EUKARYA 

    • MADE UP OF PROTISTA:  

      • SINGLE CELL 

      • SIMPLE MULTICELL 

    • Formed from bacteria + Eukarya joining 

      • Theory of endosymbiosis (Hackel) 

        • Bacteria cell existed symbiotically within archeal cell 

          • Established the mitochondria 

        • Cyanobacterium turned into chloroplast

        • Chloroplast and mitochondria able to reproduce via binary fission  && cary circular dna (Like the prokaryotes) 

      • Eukarya are better able to hold more DNA and be able to have multicellularity 

    • How photosynthesis developed & got passed down 

      • Primary symbiosis → when single-celled organism engulds another clel but isn’t digested 

      • Secondary symbiosis → euk cell engulf another wuk that has gone through primary symbiosis

3. outline the Linnaean system of classification;

• Linnaeus → est taxonomy system 

• Dumb Kids Playing Cards On Freeway Get Smashed 

  1. Domain > Kingdom> Phylum > Class> Order>Family> Genus > Species

4. sketch the general shape of the great tree of life as we understand it today;

5. categorize organisms by their general modes of acquiring carbon and energy; (position they have in a food web) 

• Diazotroph → akak nitrogen fixators are able to turn N2 into ammonia or other compounds that the organisms can use 

• Trophic strategy classification 

  • Autotroph V Heterotroph (how organisms get Carbon)

    • Autotroph >> (aka primary producers) use inorganic CO2 to make sugar (carbon fixation)  

    • Heterotroph >>  (akak consumers) need carbon from an already fixed carbon source

  • Chemotroph V Phototroph (how organisms get energy )

    • Chemotroph >> get energy from chemical 

    • Phototroph >> use NRG from light and also chemicals 

6. summarize major differences between the prokaryotic and eukaryotic domains of life;

7. explain the origin of the eukaryotic domain and its subsequent evolution of multicellularity;

   • Eukayotes became multicellular when the same type of cell joined together and started working together , they re equally selfish but equally selfless to where they are not selected against but instead are FAVORED since they are specialized and help the organism as a whole do their basic functions 

8. discuss the requirements for evolving complex multicellularity; and

   • Multicell organisms need 

     • Genetic program of development → must be able to control cell division and be able to have cell differentiation 

     • The larger the organism the larger the genetic program development which requires more energy 

   • Simple multicellular/colonial organisms → Organisms made of self sufficient cells 

   • Complex multicellular organisms → many number of cells that are interdependent on each other 

   • Prokaryotes multicellularity 

     • Heterocysts → optimize nitrogen fixation 

     • Akinetes → are survival spores incase of catastrophe 

9. list the major features and groups of plants, animals, and fungi.

1. Plants → multicell with cellulose wall (red , green algae and land plants) 

*** able to colonize when green algae gained adaptations to use other type of H2O to grow ,, the alnd was refugee from predators and was also rich in soil nutrients 

• Plant groups classified based on phenotypes

1. Formal = monophyletic 

   • Bryophytes

     • Non vascular , seedless, TERRESTRIAL 

     • Ex; moss , liverworts, hornworts

   • Seed plants (formal): vascular, seed-producing, mainly terrestrial plants

     • Gymnosperms (formal): produce “naked” seeds

       1. Conifers, cycads, Ginkgo, gnetophytes

     • Angiosperms (formal): produce “covered” seeds; the flowering plants

       1. Two major groups

          1. Monocots: produce one cotelydon (embryonic leaf); grasses, palms

          2. Dicots (eudicots): produce two cotyledons; the great majority of flowering plants

• Other smaller groups of angiosperms also exist that do not fit into either of these groups, such as the magnolias

2. Informal = not monophyletic

• Algae 

  • nonvascular ( no water-conducting tissue) 

  • Seedless , aquatic phototroph 

    • Ex; red algae, green algae

• Pteridophytes (informal): vascular (with major water-conducting tissues), seedless, terrestrial plants

  • Lycophyta (formal): club mosses, quillworts

  • Polypodiophyta (formal): ferns, horsetails

2) animals are heterotrophs (make collagen and lack cell wall) 

First fossil metazoan (blobs that were similar to sponges) 

Collagen → ONLY made by animals 

Animals anad fungi share common multicell origin (part of Opisthokont clade) 

Classification of animals via symmetry (morphological features) 

1.  Asymmetry 

   1. Lack of regular symmetry 

      1. P. Porifera → sponges

      2. P. Placozoa → scab-like representative (trichoplax) 

2. Radial ** if cut from any acis the cuts would be identically looking) 

   1. Multiple planes of symmetry 

      1. P. Ctenophora : comb jellies 

      2. P. Cnidaria : jellies anemones and corals 

3. Bilateral symmetry ** animals agave left and right that are mirror images

   1. One plane of symmetry

      Deuterostomes 

      1. P. Echniodermata → “spiny-skinned” ex) sea stars, sea urchins ,sea cucumber, sand dollars 

      2. P. Chordata → animals with notochors (type of backbone) ex) lancers , tunicates , vertebrates 

         1. *** THIRD largest Phylum** 

   2. Lophotrochozoans SECOND LARGEST PHYLUM

      1. Phylum Platyhelminthes: the flatworms

      2. Phylum Nemertea: the ribbon worms

      3. Phylum Annelida: the segmented worms

      4. Phylum Rotifera: the rotifers

      5. Phylum Brachiopoda: the lamp shells

      6. Phylum Bryozoa (or Ectoprocta): the moss animals

      7. Phylum Mollusca: the slugs, snails, bivalves (clams, mussels, etc.), and cephalopods (octopus, squid, cuttlefish, chambered nautilus)

   3. Ecdysozoans LARGEST metazoan phylum

      1. Phylum Nematoda: the roundworms

      2. Phylum Tardigrada: the microscopic water bears

      3. Phylum Arthropoda: the “joint footed” animals with exoskeletons—insects, arachnids, crustacean

   3) fungi (walls made of chitin (exoskeleton))

   • Hyphae are filaments that make up the body (mycellium) of fungi , cna create fruiting bodies (like spores they spread around the main organism) 

   • They are decomposers 

     • Informal group (not monophyletic) 

       • Molds: fungi grows like fuzz (fuzzy mycelium(body part)) 

       • Lichen : fungi grows like a symbiotic partnership with alga or cyanobacterium 

       • Myocorrhizal fungi/mycorrhizae: fungi that grows symbiotically with plants 

         • Ectomycorrhizal: only interface with the outside plant’s roots

         • Endomycorrhizae: penetrate into the plant’s roots to be part of the vascular system 

       • Mushroom” large body with internal spores 

         • Is umbrella shaped but can also include above-groung fruiting bodies  like moresl , puffballs and srinkhorns 

       • Truffles : large below fruiting bodies with internal spores 

         • Made by ectomycorrhizal fungi + always around trees

       • Deuteromycetes; “imperfect fungi” because we are unable to ID sexual reproduction in them 

         • A category made for fungi that we have not observed any sexual reproduction in them 

     • Formal groups (monophyletic) 

       • P. Chytridiomycota → live in aquatic environments, unicellular for most part 

       • P. Zygomycota (zygomyceres): microscopic pin , sugar and bread molds, and some ectomycorrhizal fungi 

       • P. GLomeromycota: endomycorrhizal fungi 

       • P. Ascomycota: sac fungi , like bakers yeasts, truffles

       • P. Basidiomycota: club fungi like (umbrella style) mushrooms, puffballs, chantarelles, smuts, rusts and some lichens and ectomycorrhizae 

   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   

   Terms 

   • Nitrogen fixation → use of nitrogen (N2) into a bioavailable form like ammonia (NH3) 

     • Nitroplast (adaptation of the chloroplast) → have genes for nitrogen fixation 

   • Prokaryotes are still being found (have not leveled off in the accumulation of species curve we are barely beginning to scratch the surface of discovery) 

   • Reynolds # → determined fluid flow (if laminar (smooth) or chaotic (turbulent))

   • Quorum sensing → way for bacteria to communicate and coordinate behavior based on the detection of specific signaling molecules 

     • ex) myxobacteira (slime bacteria) & Slime molds 

   • Cambrian explosion → animal diversity in the ocean due to evolutionary radiation 

   • Burgess shale → fossils of the first animals were fund in the canadian rocky Mts

   • lichens → Symbiont between fungi and either cyanobacteria or algae 

   • mycorrhizal fungi → fungi and roots of plants are symbiotically joined so plant is able to better use nutrients  via Mycorrhizzae) and can serve as a way for plants to communicate between them