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Describe genetic, species and ecosystem diversity.

Describe the biological species concept and identify its limitations.

Identify the major taxa in the Linnaean system of biological classification and explain how it is used to classify and name species.

Use dichotomous keys to identify and classify organisms.

Use the Lincoln index (𝑁 = 𝑀× 𝑛 𝑚 ) to estimate the size of a population.

Determine the diversity of species using measures such as species richness, evenness (relative species abundance), percentage cover, percentage frequency and Simpson’s diversity index, 𝑆𝐷𝐼 = 1− (∑𝑛(𝑛−1) 𝑁(𝑁−1) ).

Describe how sampling can be used to investigate the species diversity of a given area, considering the most appropriate

 sampling method: random, systematic, stratified

 sampling technique: quadrats, line transect, belt-transect, capture-recapture

 strategies to minimise bias: size and number of samples, random-number generators, counting criteria, calibrating equipment and noting associated precision

 measure/s of diversity.

Describe how the distribution and abundance of species in an ecosystem are influenced by - biotic factors — food availability, competition for resources, predation, disease - abiotic factors — space, shelter, availability of water, nutrients, environmental conditions.

Explain that ecosystems are composed of varied habitats, including microhabitats, which may impact the distribution of species (e.g. uniform, random or clumped), and therefore the validity and reliability of different sampling methods/techniques.

Interpret data from an experiment investigating how abiotic factors affect the distribution, abundance and/or biodiversity of species in an ecosystem.

Interpret data to classify and name ecosystems using Specht’s classification system and the Holdridge life zone classification scheme.

Identify and explain different modes of population growth, including - exponential growth (J-curve) - logistic growth (S-curve).

Compare the reproductive strategies and growth curves of K- and r- strategists.

Calculate population growth rate and change using birth, death, immigration and emigration data.