Chapter 3: Biomolecules of Food
^^Why do we need food?^^ - Energy, growth and repair of new cells, defense and reproduction.
- Define Nutrition: the way in which an organism obtains and uses food.
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| <<Carbohydrates<< | <<Proteins<< | <<Lipids<< | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Elements present: | CHO - Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen | CHON - Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen | CHO - Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen |
| Structure | ^^Monosaccharides:^^ single sugar unit that soluble in water. Sources: fruit and vegetables.E.g. glucose and fructose.^^Disaccharides:^^ two mono. sugar units joined together that’s soluble in water. Sources: fruit and table sugar.E.g. sucrose and lactose^^Polysaccharides__:^^ __many mono. sugar units joined together that’s insoluble in water.Sources: bread, rice, pasta.E.g. cellulose, starch, glycogen. | ^^Proteins are made up of amino acids.^^ There are 20 different amino acids that determine the protein’s shape and function. A polypeptide is made up of 20 amino acids. A protein is made up of over 200 amino acids that are joined together by peptide bonds. They’re folded which determines their function. | ^^There are two different structures a lipid can be:^^ ^^Triglyceride:^^ - One glycerol molecule and 3 fatty acids. OR ^^Phospholipid:^^- One glycerol molecule, one phosphate head and 2 fatty acids. ^^Sources:^^ butter, margarine and milk. |
| Structural Role | ^^Plants:^^ cellulose is used in the plant cell wall which provides support and prevents bursting.^^Animals^^: chitin is found in the insect exoskeleton and in the fungal cell wall. | ^^Keratin^^ is the structural protein in our hair and nails. ^^Myosin^^ is the protein found in the cardiac and skeletal muscles.^^Collagen^^ is the structural protein for our skin | - Store and supply of energy.- Insulates the body and protects the organs.- Forms membranes in cells (phospholipids) |
| Metabolic Role | ^^Plants^^: glucose is made in photosynthesis and stored as starch.^^Animals^^: glucose is broken down in respiration to release energy. | ^^Enzymes^^ control reactions in our body.^^Hormones^^ regulate body reactions.^^Antibodies^^ are made from proteins and are used to help fight infection. | Lipids are ^^broken down in respiration^^ to release energy |
\ ^^Define anabolic reactions^^: uses energy to build up a simpler molecule into a complex molecule. e.g. photosynthesis.
^^Define catabolic reactions^^: uses energy to break down a complex molecule into a simpler molecule. e.g. respiration.
\ ^^Define Vitamin:^^ organic compound needed in small amounts for proper body functioning (cannot be produced by the body)
| ^^Water Soluble Vitamin: Vitamin C^^ | ^^Fat Soluble Vitamin: Vitamin D^^ |
|---|---|
| Benefits: forms connective tissue in our skin and gums. | Benefits: helps absorb calcium that is needed for bone and teeth formation. |
| Effects of deficiency: scurvy - bad teeth and gums. | Effects of deficiency: rickets in children, osteomalacia in adults. (weak and brittle bones) |
\ ^^Define Minerals^^: insoluble organic salts that contain elements that are needed for the metabolism in small amounts.
| ^^Plants^^ | ^^Animals^^ |
|---|---|
| Mg (Magnesium): helps make chlorophyll. Ca (Calcium): helps the cell walls attach to each other. | Fe (Iron): used to make hemoglobin in the blood.Ca (Calcium): for bone + teeth formation. |
\ ^^Why is water important?^^
- Good Solvent.
- Controls metabolic reactions: respiration, photosynthesis, digestion.
- Controls cell shape via osmosis.
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| ^^What was used?^^ | ^^Positive Result^^ | ^^Negative Result^^ | ^^Heat Needed?^^ | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Testing for Glucose | Benedict’s Solution | Blue-black color | Brick Red | Yes |
| Testing Starch | Iodine | Blue-black color | Yellow-brown | No |
| Testing Protein | Biuret Solution | Purple | Blue | No |
| Testing for Fats | Brown Paper | Translucent Stain | Non-translucent stain. | No |
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