Electron Characteristics and Cathode Rays

$e = -1.6 \times 10$ (This seems to be an incomplete expression. Assuming it refers to the charge of an electron, it should be $e = -1.6 \times 10^{-19} C$ )
$m$ (This likely refers to the mass of the electron. The mass of an electron is approximately $9.11 \times 10^{-31} kg$ )
Gas dependency: The characteristics of cathode rays depend on the type of gas present in the discharge tube.

Straight-Line Travel: Cathode rays travel in straight lines.
- Evidence: When an object is placed in the path of cathode rays, a shadow is formed, indicating the rays do not bend around the object.
Negatively Charged Particles: Cathode rays are a stream of negatively charged particles.
- Behavior in Electric Field: When an external electric field is applied, cathode rays are deflected towards the positively charged plate. This confirms their negative charge.
Deflection by Magnets: Cathode rays are deflected by magnetic fields, which is consistent with the behavior of moving charged particles in a magnetic field.
Kinetic Energy: Cathode rays possess kinetic energy.
- Evidence: When a paddle wheel is placed in their path, cathode rays cause the wheel to rotate, demonstrating their ability to do work due to their motion.
- Formula for Kinetic Energy: The kinetic energy (K.E.) is given by the formula $K.E. = \frac{1}{2}mv^2$ , where $m$ is the mass and $v$ is the velocity.