Mental Disorders

Here is a set of 30 flashcards based on the provided source "Digital Intro: Mental Disorders":

Flashcard 1 (Front): What were mental disorders initially attributed to? Flashcard 1 (Back): Supernatural forces like possession by evil spirits, displeasure of gods, eclipses, planetary gravitation, curses, and sin.

Flashcard 2 (Front): What is the somatogenic hypothesis? Flashcard 2 (Back): The argument that mental disorders have physiological causes like illness, genetic inheritance, brain damage, or brain imbalance.

Flashcard 3 (Front): What discovery in 1897 provided significant credibility to the somatogenic hypothesis? Flashcard 3 (Back): The discovery that general paresis was a consequence of syphilis.

Flashcard 4 (Front): What is the psychogenic hypothesis? Flashcard 4 (Back): The theory that mental disorder symptoms are caused by psychological processes.

Flashcard 5 (Front): Who was a prominent figure associated with early psychogenic theories? Flashcard 5 (Back): Sigmund Freud, who described mental illness as resulting from inner conflicts and defense mechanisms.

Flashcard 6 (Front): What do more recent psychogenic theories often focus on? Flashcard 6 (Back): Traumatic or stressful experiences, maladaptive learned associations and cognitions, or distorted perceptions.

Flashcard 7 (Front): What is the biopsychosocial model? Flashcard 7 (Back): A holistic perspective that views mental disorders as influenced by psychological processes, biological factors, and sociocultural influences.

Flashcard 8 (Front): Describe the diathesis-stress model. Flashcard 8 (Back): A model where a diathesis (predisposition, biological or psychological) and stress (trigger) are both necessary for the development of a mental disorder.

Flashcard 9 (Front): What is a common definition of a mental disorder according to the source? Flashcard 9 (Back): Distressful and dysfunctional patterns of thoughts, feelings, or behaviors that cause so much pain and suffering that it interferes with a person's daily life.

Flashcard 10 (Front): What is the DSM? Flashcard 10 (Back): The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders, currently in its fifth edition (DSM-5), which provides definitions of specific mental disorders based on symptoms.

Flashcard 11 (Front): Who uses the DSM? Flashcard 11 (Back): Clinicians, insurance companies, drug companies, policymakers, and the whole legal system.

Flashcard 12 (Front): What is one historical example of how the understanding of mental health has evolved as reflected in the DSM? Flashcard 12 (Back): The classification of homosexuality as a psychological disorder was eliminated in 1973.

Flashcard 13 (Front): What is a criticism of the DSM mentioned in the source? Flashcard 13 (Back): Concern that it inadvertently promotes over or misdiagnosis and treatment of certain behaviors.

Flashcard 14 (Front): What change was made in the DSM-5 regarding bereavement and major depressive disorder? Flashcard 14 (Back): The bereavement exclusion was removed, meaning grief and sadness after a loved one's death can now constitute major depressive disorder.

Flashcard 15 (Front): Name three categories of disorders included in the DSM-5. Flashcard 15 (Back): Anxiety disorders, depressive disorders, schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders (among others listed).

Flashcard 16 (Front): What is the key characteristic of panic disorder? Flashcard 16 (Back): Unexpected panic attacks, often leading to a fear of future attacks.

Flashcard 17 (Front): What is agoraphobia? Flashcard 17 (Back): A fear of being in situations in which help might not be available or escape might be difficult or embarrassing, often associated with panic disorder.

Flashcard 18 (Front): What is the central feature of social anxiety disorder? Flashcard 18 (Back): An intense fear of being watched and judged by others.

Flashcard 19 (Front): What characterizes generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)? Flashcard 19 (Back): Continuous and pervasive feelings of anxiety, tension, and apprehension for over six months.

Flashcard 20 (Front): What are the defining features of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)? Flashcard 20 (Back): Unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) often accompanied by repetitive actions (compulsions) performed to relieve anxiety.

Flashcard 21 (Front): What are the four major symptom clusters of PTSD in the DSM-5? Flashcard 21 (Back): Reliving the event, avoiding situations associated with the event, excessive physiological arousal, and pervasive negative changes in emotions and beliefs.

Flashcard 22 (Front): What are some key symptoms of major depressive disorder? Flashcard 22 (Back): Depressed mood, significant weight or appetite changes, sleep disturbances, decreased interest in activities, feelings of worthlessness, fatigue, and difficulty concentrating.

Flashcard 23 (Front): What are the two main phases characteristic of bipolar disorder? Flashcard 23 (Back): Dark lows of depression and bouts of mania (intense hyperactivity and sometimes skewed self-perception).

Flashcard 24 (Front): What are the positive symptoms of schizophrenia? Flashcard 24 (Back): Hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized thinking.

Flashcard 25 (Front): What are the negative symptoms of schizophrenia? Flashcard 25 (Back): Blunted affect, reduced speech, and social withdrawal.

Flashcard 26 (Front): What is the key characteristic of Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)? Flashcard 26 (Back): Exhibiting two or more distinct and alternating identities.

Flashcard 27 (Front): Name the three eating disorders most widely studied and described in the DSM-5. Flashcard 27 (Back): Anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder.

Flashcard 28 (Front): What is a defining characteristic of anorexia nervosa? Flashcard 28 (Back): Maintaining a starving diet that leads to abnormally low body weight and an intense fear of becoming fat.

Flashcard 29 (Front): What is the key behavioral cycle in bulimia nervosa? Flashcard 29 (Back): Binge eating followed by fasting or purging (often by vomiting or using laxatives).

Flashcard 30 (Front): According to the source, what is one way gender can influence the development and course of a mental disorder? Flashcard 30 (Back): Differing demands placed on males and females by society and their culture, and differences in willingness to talk about feelings which can affect symptom expression.