Chapter+14+-+Eating+Disorders+%26+Disordered+Eating
UNAPICN 14 Eating Disorders & Disordered Eating
1. Idealized Female Shapes & Images in the Media
19th century America: "Full-figured" women considered ideal.
1960s: Shift towards slimmer body shapes.
21st century: Slim and athletic builds often deemed ideal.
Recent changes due to body positivity and Healthy at Every Size (HAES) movements.
Constant exposure to idealized body images affects health, prompting unhealthy eating behaviors in youth.
2. Eating Disorders vs. Disordered Eating
Eating disorders: Psychological issues leading to physical health complications.
Disordered eating: Chaotic food practices (e.g., skipping meals, fad diets, binge eating).
3. Continuum of Eating Behaviors
Development of unhealthy eating behaviors linked to body image concerns.
4. Major Types of Eating Disorders
Anorexia nervosa (AN)
Bulimia nervosa (BN)
Binge eating disorder (BED)
Information based on the DSM-5.
5. Risk Factors for Eating Disorders
Demographic: Being female; being an adolescent.
Family history: Close relatives with eating disorders or mental illness.
Psychosocial factors: Importance placed on ideal body shapes, bullying, low self-image, and high stress from perfectionism.
6. Vulnerability in Adolescent Females
Changes in body image in puberty.
Increased peer reliance for emotional support.
13% of adolescent females develop eating disorders.
7. Contributing Factors
Genetic factors: Heritability of AN, BN, and BED. Family history of mood disorders.
Biological factors: Genetic abnormalities affecting neurotransmitters linked to eating behavior.
Psychological factors: Including mood and anxiety disorders.
Environmental influences: Media and cultural pressure concerning body image.
8. Social Media Influence
Increased social media use correlates with rising eating disorders.
Pro-anorexia communities glamorize disordered eating practices.
Studies link exposure to "thinspo" content with binge eating and disordered eating urges.
9. Psychological and Personality Factors
Common comorbid conditions: Mood disorders, anxiety disorders, substance abuse.
Individuals with eating disorders often have distorted body perceptions and perfectionist tendencies.
10. Other Sociocultural Factors
Consideration of race, income, occupation, and lifestyle affecting eating disorder development.
11. Sports and Eating Disorders
High-risk sports include swimming, gymnastics, and endurance running.
Athletes required to make weight experience higher rates of eating disorders.
12. Stressful Life Events
Risk of eating disorders can increase due to stress or negative family environments.
Positive modeling from parents can mitigate risks.
13. Child Abuse and Eating Disorders
Childhood maltreatment is a significant risk factor.
High prevalence of eating disorders in those with a history of abuse, particularly bulimia nervosa.
14. Anorexia Nervosa
Characterized by self-starvation and severe weight loss.
Symptoms include distorted body image and extreme food restriction.
Adolescence is a critical period for onset.
15. Signs and Symptoms of Anorexia Nervosa
Rapid weight loss, restrictive eating, excessive exercise, and symptoms of psychological disorders (e.g., depression).
Physical symptoms: Extreme thinness and low energy levels.
16. Diagnosis and Physical Consequences
Diagnosis based on BMI and body composition changes.
Physiological impacts include weakened immunity, low metabolic rate, and potential organ damage.
17. With regard to Estrogen Insufficiency
Adolescent females with AN may experience developmental delays (e.g., missed menstrual cycles) due to nutrient deficiencies.
18. Bulimia Nervosa
Marked by episodes of binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors (purging).
Higher prevalence in females, often resulting in emotional distress.
19. Signs and Symptoms of Bulimia Nervosa
Symptoms include normal to overweight BMI, feelings of shame, isolation, and physical health complications from purging.
20. Binge Triggers in Bulimia
Triggers include social stress, negative feelings about body image, and patterns of restraint.
21. Binge Eating Disorder (BED)
Involves recurrent binge episodes without purging behaviors.
Can occur at any body weight; common in adolescents.
22. Common Signs of BED
Symptoms include eating large amounts of food in a short time, feelings of shame, and loss of control during binges.
23. Mental Health Risks of BED
Co-occurrence of BED with conditions like depression and anxiety is common.
24. Other Specified Feeding or Eating Disorders
Includes conditions like diabulimia and orthorexia.
Classified as such when they don't meet full diagnostic criteria for AN, BN, or BED.
25. Night Eating Syndrome
Characterized by late-night eating episodes with possible impacts on weight and mental health.
26. Diabulimia
Occurs in individuals with type 1 diabetes who manipulate insulin to control weight.
Associated with severe health complications (e.g., kidney failure).
27. Orthorexia
Defined by an extreme obsession with healthy eating; can lead to imbalanced diets.
28. Muscle Dysmorphia
Common in males; focused on perceived body inadequacy leading to obsessive exercise and dieting.
29. Sustainability and Vegan Diets
Concerns about health and environmental effects; may mask disordered eating.
30. “Drunkorexia”
A behavior where individuals use exercise or fasting to offset binge drinking caloric intake, especially common among college students.
31. Female Athlete Triad
An interconnected condition characterized by low energy, menstrual dysfunction, and bone density issues.
32. RED-S
A condition affecting both genders resulting in low energy availability, impacting health and performance.
33. Preventing Eating Disorders
Focus on early identification, education, and raising awareness about eating disorders and body image.
34. Helping Someone with a Suspected Eating Disorder
Educate yourself on eating disorders, approach the person in a caring and firm way, promote seeking professional help.
35. Treatment for Eating Disorders
Requires a multidisciplinary approach; can include inpatient, outpatient, and residential treatment settings.
36. Behavioral Therapies
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT) designed to address unhealthy beliefs and behavior patterns.
37. Alternative Therapies
Methods include equine therapy and biofeedback among others to improve mental well-being and self-discovery.
38. Challenges to Recovery
Resistance to treatment is common; effective treatment depends on patient readiness.
AN can become chronic in 20% of cases, while 60% of those with BN improve with treatment.