AI notes

  1. Bones of the body (Refer to p. 85 for detailed illustration):

    • Skull: Cranium, facial bones

    • Vertebral column: Cervical, thoracic, lumbar vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx

    • Thorax: Sternum, ribs

    • Upper limbs: Humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges

    • Lower limbs: Femur, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges

    • Pectoral girdle: Clavicle, scapula

    • Pelvic girdle: Hip bones (ilium, ischium, pubis)

  2. Major organ of the skeletal system:

    • Bones

  3. Definitions:

    • Skeleton: The internal framework of bones and cartilage.

    • Bone marrow: The soft tissue found inside bones where blood cells are produced.

    • Joint: A structure where two bones meet and allow for movement.

    • Ligament: A fibrous connective tissue that connects bones to other bones.

  4. Tissue making up bone:

    • Osseous tissue (bone tissue)

  5. Definitions:

    • Ossification: The process of bone formation.

    • Osteoblast: A cell that produces new bone tissue.

    • Osteocyte: A mature bone cell that maintains the bone matrix.

  6. Precursor to bone:

    • Cartilage

  7. Four bone shapes and examples:

    • Long bones: Femur

    • Short bones: Carpals

    • Flat bones: Sternum

    • Irregular bones: Vertebrae

  8. Definitions:

    • Diaphysis: The shaft of a long bone.

    • Epiphysis: The ends of a long bone.

    • Articular cartilage: Smooth tissue covering the ends of bones in joints.

    • Periosteum: A dense layer of vascular connective tissue enveloping bones.

    • Compact bone: Dense, hard layers of bone tissue.

    • Spongy bone: Porous bone tissue found inside bones.

    • Red bone marrow: Tissue in bones that produces blood cells.

    • Medullary cavity: The central cavity of bone shafts where marrow is stored.

    • Yellow bone marrow: Fatty tissue found in the medullary cavity of long bones.

  9. Alternative names:

    • Compact bone: Cortical bone

    • Spongy bone: Cancellous bone

  10. Definitions:

    • Head: Rounded, proximal end of a bone.

    • Condyle: A rounded knuckle-like projection.

    • Epicondyle: A projection situated above a condyle.

    • Trochanter: A large, rough projection found only on the femur.

    • Tubercle: A small, rounded projection.

    • Tuberosity: A large, rough projection.

    • Sinus: A cavity within a bone.

    • Foramen: An opening through a bone.

    • Fossa: A shallow depression in a bone.

    • Fissure: A narrow, slit-like opening.

  11. Two skeletal divisions:

    • Axial skeleton: Skull, vertebral column, thorax

    • Appendicular skeleton: Pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, limbs

  12. Cranial bones (Refer to Table 4.1 and Figure 4.5):

    • Frontal (1)

    • Parietal (2)

    • Temporal (2)

    • Occipital (1)

    • Sphenoid (1)

    • Ethmoid (1)

  13. Facial bones (Refer to Table 4.1 and Figure 4.5):

    • Nasal (2)

    • Maxilla (2)

    • Zygomatic (2)

    • Mandible (1)

    • Lacrimal (2)

    • Palatine (2)

    • Inferior nasal conchae (2)

    • Vomer (1)

  14. Vertebral sections (Refer to Table 4.2 and Figure 4.6):

    • Cervical (7)

    • Thoracic (12)

    • Lumbar (5)

    • Sacrum (1)

    • Coccyx (1)

  15. Structure between each vertebrae:

    • Intervertebral discs

    • Made of fibrocartilage with a gelatinous core (nucleus pulposus)

  16. Remaining axial bones:

    • Hyoid bone

    • Sternum

    • Ribs

  17. Pectoral girdle bones (Refer to Table 4.3 and Figure 4.9):

    • Clavicle (2)

    • Scapula (2)

  18. Upper extremity bones (Refer to Table 4.3 and Figure 4.9):

    • Humerus (2)

    • Radius (2)

    • Ulna (2)

    • Carpals (16)

    • Metacarpals (10)

    • Phalanges (28)

  19. Pelvic girdle bones (Refer to Table 4.4 and Figure 4.10):

    • Hip bones (2): Each hip bone consists of the ilium, ischium, and pubis.

  20. Lower extremity bones (Refer to Table 4.4 and Figure 4.10):

    • Femur (2)

    • Patella (2)

    • Tibia (2)

    • Fibula (2)

    • Tarsals (14)

    • Metatarsals (10)

    • Phalanges (28)

  21. Three types of joints:

    • Synovial joints: Most moveable (e.g., shoulder, hip)

    • Cartilaginous joints: Limited movement (e.g., intervertebral discs)

    • Fibrous joints: Least moveable (e.g., sutures of the skull)

  22. Locations for each type of joint:

    • Synovial joints: Knee, elbow, shoulder

    • Cartilaginous joints: Intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis

    • Fibrous joints: Sutures in the skull, syndesmosis between tibia and fibula

  23. Definitions:

    • Joint capsule: A fibrous sac that encloses a joint.

    • Synovial membrane: The lining of the joint capsule that secretes synovial fluid.

    • Synovial fluid: Lubricates and nourishes the cartilage in the joint.

    • Bursa: A small fluid-filled sac that reduces friction between moving parts.

  24. Classify each bone by division:

    • Axial: Skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum

    • Appendicular: Limbs, pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle