Spanish Exam Study Guide

Regular -ar verbs: -e (Ud.), -en (Uds.)
Regular -er/-ir verbs: -a (Ud.), -an (Uds.)
Negative Commands: No + verb (e.g., No manejen rápido)
Irregular Forms:
- Dar (to give): dé, den
- Estar (to be): esté, estén
- Haber (to have): haya, hayan
- Ir (to go): vaya, vayan
- Saber (to know): sepa, sepan
- Ser (to be): sea, sean
Commands with Direct/Indirect Objects:
- Attach object pronoun to the end; add accent 3 syllables back (e.g., Escríbanlas)
- Negative: No + object pronoun + verb
Reflexive Verbs: Conjugate, add pronoun at end, use 3-2-1 accent rule (e.g., lávense)
Negative Reflexive Verbs: No + pronoun + verb (conjugated normally) (e.g., No se duerma)

Use the él/ella form of the present tense.
Reflexive Verbs: Pronoun after verb, use 3-2-1 accent rule (e.g., Lávate)
- Negative: No te laves
Irregular Tú Commands: VEN- DI- SAL-HAZ-TEN- VE (a)- PON-SÈ (Venir, Decir, Salir, Hacer, Tener, Ir, Poner, Ser)
Verbs with Pronombres: Conjugate, keep pronouns at the end (e.g., Hazla, No la hagas)

Por:
- By
- Rate; by/per
- Exchange; for
- General location; around
- Route/passage; by way of
- Approximate time; for/in
- Choice; in favor of
- Cause; because of
- Motive; for the sake of
- Substitution; for the place of
- Means of transportation/communication
Para:
- Purpose; for/in order to
- Destination (space); toward/for
- Deadline; by
- Intended recipient; for
- Employment; for

Use with WEIRDO (Wishes, Emotions, Impersonal expressions, Requests, Doubt, Ojalá/Quizás/Tal vez)
Requires: QUE, 2 subjects, and 2 verbs.
Conjugations:
- -AR verbs: -e, -es, -e, -emos, -en
- -ER/-IR verbs: -a, -as, -a, -amos, -an
Reflexive Verbs: Add pronoun (me, te, se, nos, se), then conjugate.
Verbs ending in -cer or -cir change to -zca (e.g., Conozca).
Verbs with -go endings in present tense change to -ga in subjunctive (e.g., Haga).
Verbs ending in -uir change to -ya (e.g., Destruya).
-car = -que, -gar = -gue, -zar = -ce
Irregular Verbs:
- Dar: dé, des, dé, demos, den
- Estar: esté, estés, esté, estemos, estén
- Ir: vaya, vayas, vaya, vayamos, vayan
- Saber: sepa, sepas, sepa, sepamos, sepan
- Ser: sea, seas, sea, seamos, sean
- Haber: haya, hayas, haya, hayamos, hayan
Stem-changing verbs follow patterns (e-ie, o-ue, u-ue for -ar; e-ie, o-ue for -er; e-i, e-ie, o-ue for -ir).

Would + verb. Add endings to the infinitive.
Endings: -ía, -ías, -ía, -íamos, -ían
Irregular Verbs: Use irregular future stems + conditional endings.
- Examples include: Haber (Habr), Caber (Cabr), Querer (Querr), Saber (Sabr), Poder (Podr), Poner (Pondr), Venir (Vendr), Tener (Tendr), Salir (Saldr), Valer (Valdr), Decir (Dir), Hacer (Har)

Used when the first verb expresses doubt, disbelief, or denial. Indicative when certain.
Always use Subjunctive with Quizás and Tal Vez.
El Subjuntivo con DUDA

Endings: ra, ras, ra, ramos (accent on vowel before ramos), ran
Irregular: Change the ron to whichever of the endings
Ser/Ir = Fueron, Ver = Vieron, Dar = dieron, Venir = vinieron, Tener = tuvieron, Hacer = hicieron, Poner = Pusieron, estar = estuvieron, querer = quisieron, poder = pudieron, saber = supieron, decir = dijeron, traer = trajeron, andar = anduvieron
The subjunctive is used to talk about desires, doubts, wishes, conjectures, emotions, and possibilities.
The indicative is used to talk about facts and other statements that are believed to be true and concrete.

HABER (imperfect)+ the past participle. Designates an event that happened prior to another event
Haber: Yo- había, Tú- habías, Él/ella/usted- había, Nosotros- habíamos, ellos/ ellas- habían, Ustedes- habían
Past Participle: AR verbs Hablar- ado = hablado, ER/IR verbs comer/ vivir- ido= comido/ vivido