Ap Hug unit 5

Different climate & crops

  1. Tropical: Indonesia or countries in Africa near the equator; Coffee, sugar, pineapple

  2. Subtropical": West Indies or parts of Indonesia; Rice, cotton, tobacco

  3. Dry (Grasslands/ Continental Steppe):Mongolia, or the western portion of the United States; Cattle, sheep, goats, horses, camels

  4. Mediterranean: California, Chile, or geographic areas surrounding the Mediterranean Sea; Grapes, olives, dates

  5. Warm Mid-Latitude: Southern China and the southern United States; Vegetables, fruits, rice

  6. Cold Mid-Latitude: North-central part of the United States, southern canada and eastern europe; Wheat, barley, oats, and livestock.

Agricultural Hearths

  1. Fertile Crescent: Wheat, oats, barley

  2. Sub-Saharan Africa: Yams, coffee, sorghum

  3. Central America: Maize, potatoes, squash, peppers’

  4. East Asia: Rice, soybeans

  5. Southeast Asia: Mangos, coconuts

Agricultural Practices:

  1. Extensive subsistence agriculture: Agricultural practices that require minimal capital, use less technology, have a greater reliance on human labor, and typically require a larger amount of land. (For consumption, not sale)

  2. Intensive subsistence agriculture: Agricultural practices that require more human labor, capital, and technology but uses less land. (For consumption, not sale)

  3. Extensive commercial agriculture: Agricultural practices that involve less capital, fewer machines, and less human labor but require substantial land and resources. (Goal is to generate revenue)

  4. Intensive commercial agriculture: Agricultural practices that involve more capital, more machines, and more human labor but require less land. (Goal is to generate revenue)

Agricultural Practices Examples:

  1. Extensive subsistence agriculture: Pastoral nomadism

  2. Intensive subsistence agriculture: Wet rice farming, terrance farming

  3. Extensive commercial agriculture: wheat, ranching

  4. Intensive commercial agriculture: dairy farming, plantation, feedlot, market gardening

Land Use patterns

  1. What is the Neolithic Revolution? This was the first agricultural revolution. It was a time period in which humans shifted from hunters and gatherers to sedentary agricultural practices

  2. How did the Columbian Exchange impact life in the New World? New diseases were brought to the New World, decimating many populations. Horses, cows, sugar cane, and other foods and livestock were introduced, which changed life in the New World.

  3. How did the Columbian Exchange impact life in the Old World? Crops like the potato became a mainstay of many European diets; this allowed for a population boom because the potato plants produced more food per acre. Other crops, like corn, tomatoes, and squash, also came over to the Old World.

  4. How did the agricultural revolutions help diffuse different species of animals and plants around the olobe? As society advanced and technology grew, it was possible to trade with other societies more. During the Second Agricultural Revolution, new inventions, such as the steam engine, made it possible to move food/livestock farther and more efficiently. During the Green Revolution, new agricultural techniques were practiced around the world, allowing new strains of crops to be produced, reducing food shortages.

Intensive farming practices:

Intensive Farming def: Practices that often require less land but more capital and labor, and are traditionally located closer to larger population centers

  1. Plantation: Large commercial farms in developing countries focus on one or two crops. Owned by companies in developed countries. Products are sent to the MDCs from the plantation

    • Location: Tropical & subtropical Africa, South Asia, Southeast Asia

    • what it produces: Cotton, sugarcane, coffee, rubber, tobacco, bananas, tea, coconuts, palm oil

  2. Market Gardening: Long growing season and a humid climate. Most of the food is processed, canned, or frozen, then sent out to the markets on trucks

    • Location:Southeastern United States, Southeastern Australia

    • Produces: Apples, asparagus, cherries, lettuce, mushrooms, tomatoes

  3. Mixed crop/ livestock: Crops and livestock are integrated. Crops are fed to animals; animals supply manure to improve the soil.

    The majority of farmers' income comes from selling animals.

    • Location: Central Europe, the United States Midwest

    • Produces:Corn, soybeans, beef, eggs, milk, pork

Extensive Farming practices:

Extensive farming def: Practices that tend to use less labor and capital, require more land for the production of food, and are traditionally located farther away from population centers

  1. Shifting Cultivation: Farmers clear land for planting; farms grow crops on the cleared land, after nutrients are depleted the land is left to fallow.

    • Rice, maize, millet, sorghum, cassavs

  2. Nomadic Hearding:Farmers migrate with their animals across the landscape.

    • Sheep, goats, camels, horses (grain is obtained through trade)

  3. Ranching: Originally, ranching was focused on the free-rang of herding of animals. Today, more ranchers have Central Asia, sub-Saharan shifted to closed fields, or in places like the United CAFOS and industrial systems.

    • produces sheep, goats cattle

Explain how the physical environment can influence the type of agriculture practiced in a location. In places with a dry air climate, farmers are forced to practice pastoral nomadism due to a lack of arable land. In places with a longer growing season and a mild

Consequences:

Draining the wetlands: The process in which water from a wetland is removed to repurpose the land for use as an urban area or to produce agricultural products

  • Consequence: Can lead to more pollutants getting into waterways due to reduced filtration and water runoff. Unique ecosystems are removed, causing a loss of biodiversity

Biodiversity: The variety of living things in a particular area. (Includes types of animals, plants, and other living organisms)

  • Consequence: Decreased biodiversity can reduce an ecosystem's ability to respond to climate change and diseases

Deforestation: The process of clearing a wide geographic area of trees and other vegetation

Slash and burn: A farming method that involves the cutting and burning of plants in a forest or woodland area to create a clear field for planting

  • Consequence: Leads to higher CO2 output, destroys unique ecosystems, and leads to less biodiversity

Slash and burn: A farming method that involves the cutting and burning of plants in a forest or woodland area to create a clear field for planting

  • Consequence: Often leads to deforestation, increased CO2 output, and is not sustainable for larger populations

Irrigation: The process of moving water from one geographic location to another geographic area in need of water

  • Consequence: Often leads to deforestation, increased CO2 output, and is not sustainable for larger populations

Soil salinization:The process of salt accumulating in the soil, making it difficult for crops and plants to grow. (Can occur due to excessive irrigation)

  • Consequence: Can cause arable land to no longer be fertile and lead to the destruction of unique ecosystems