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Mind Map: Methods of Speciation

Central Idea: Methods of Speciation

  • Allopatric Speciation

    • Geographic Isolation

    • Genetic Drift

    • Divergence

  • Sympatric Speciation

    • Polyploidy

    • Habitat Differentiation

    • Sexual Selection

  • Parapatric Speciation

    • Limited Gene Flow

    • Ecological Gradients

  • Peripatric Speciation

    • Founder Effect

    • Isolation

  • Adaptive Radiation

    • Rapid Diversification

    • Ecological Opportunity

Big Questions

  • How did the development of Europe compare to the societies of the Dar Al-Islam, India, and Africa?

    • Africa: development was disconnected because of Sahara - parts of Africa evolved on their own, Europe was very connected

    • India: lots of trade routes like Europe -> Had a religion too (Hinduism)

    • Dar Al -Islam → religion (Islam) and trade routes

  • To what extent was the post-classical era a period of innovation and technological development in Europe?

    • Developments include: horse collar, horseshoe, heavy plow, oil paint, scholasticism, humanism

Objectives

  • Identify ways in which the Church influenced political social, economic, and cultural power in Medieval Europe

  • Explain the effects of the Crusades on Christian, Muslim, and Jewish societies

  • Describe the ways in which women influenced Post-Classical Europe

  • Describe the economic, political, social, and religious changes that took place in Europe during the Post-Classical era

  • Explain the consequences of the Black Death

  • Discuss causes of the Renaissance in Post-Classical Europe

Terms/concepts/people



Byzantine Empire: 

  • Early Byzantine Empire

  • Name taken from Byzantion

  • Market town and fishing village

  • Situated on a peninsula

  • Had a harbor known as Golden Horn

  • Had control of Bosporus - strait of water leading from Black Sea to Sea or Marma and to the Aegean Sea

  • Lots of maritime significance

  • Linked by sea lanes to the rest of the Mediterranean basin

  • Byzantine Conquests

    • Justianian tried to reconquer the Western Roman Empire from Germanic People

    • Byzantine forces under General Belisarius took control of Italy, Sicily, northwestern Africa, Spain

    • Could not sustain this long-term

    • After Justinian died the Byzantine forces left Rome and made Ravenna the headquarters of Byzantine authority in west Mediterranean

      • Ravenna has a lot of Byzantine art and architecture 

  • Late Byzantine Empire - Social and Economic Problems

    • During the 11th century, wealthy landowners undermined the theme system

      • Took land of peasants and put them into their large estates

      • Diminished taxes for central government, and less incentive for people to join military force

  • Challenges from West

    • Norman adventures carved out a regional state and in southern Italy expelled the last Byzantine authorities

    • 12th and 13th century crusades

      • Vast military campaigns to recapture Jerusalem

      • Plundered Byzantine Empire

      • Ex. Venetians hijacked the fourth crusade and targeted Constantinople

      • 1204 - crusaders conquered Constantinople

        • Demeaning and humiliating defeat for Byzantine

      • 1261 - Byzantine forces recaptured the city

  • Challenges from the East

    • Nomadic Turkish people invaded from the east

    • Most were Muslim Seljuqs

    • 11th century: sent waves of invaders to Anatolia (agricultural center of Byzantium)

    • Battle of Manzikert

      • Seljuqs seize much of Anatolia

    • Loss of Anatolia basically ended Byzantine Empire

    • Would survive until 15th century only in name

    • 1453: Byzantine Empire came to an end when Ottoman Turks, under the control of Mehmed II, captured Constantinople. 

Charlemagne:

  • Frankish empire had a high point under Charlemagne (grandson of Charles Martel)

  • 768-814 CE: temporarily reestablished central imperial rule

  • Maintained diplomatic relations with Byzantine + Abbasid Caliphate (albino elephant)

  • Expanded Frankish territory into Spain, Italy, Rome

    • Conquered places had to pay tribute to Charlemagne

  • Charlemagne’s Administration

    • Built a capital at Aachen

    • Spent most of reign on horseback to maintain authority

    • Charlemagne did not have enough money for bureaucracy or apparatus to enforce policies

    • Relied on counts

      • Held control over local areas

    • Missi dominici

      • Kept counts under control

      • Imperial officials

      • Reviewed accounts of local authorities

  • Charlemagne as Emperor

    • Year 8-- Charlemagne accepted title as emperor

    • Pope Leo II proclaimed him emperor with an impromptu coronation

    • Strained relationship with Byzantine emperors who saw his coronation as a challenge

  • End of Carolingian Empire

    • Internal disunity and external invasions brought the Carolingian empire to an end

      • Charlemagne’s son Louis the Pious lacked strong control

        • Lost control over local authorities

        • Louis’s sons fought over inheritance of empire

        • Ended up dividing the empire into three portions and ruled as three kings

Vikings:

  • The Vikings

    •  polytheistic people who shared religious beliefs, language (Old Norse) and writing system (runes)

    • 8th- late 11th C: Viking expansion into Europe, North America, Byzantium

    • Renowned for their fierceness, sailing skill, and weaponry. 

    • Sack villages, monasteries, and even cities, including Paris and Aachen 

    • 911 CE – Rollo granted Normandy in return for conversion to Christianity, allegiance to the King of France, and defending from future Viking raids. 

  • Evidence from Viking culture

    • Runestones

    • Letters

    • Ships

  • Age of the Vikings

    • Started invading Frankish empire even during reign of Charlemagne

    • Terrifying invaders

    • Part of expansion by Nordic people of Scandinavia

      • Population growth fueled by agricultural increase in Scandinavia

    • Wanted wealth from raiding European lands

    • Good maritime technology

      • Had shallow boats that could go through rivers and the ocean

    • First attacked monasteries in 790s

    • Took over/raided Hamburg, Paris, London, Constantinople 

      • Used the Mediterranean and rivers to take control of these cities

Normans:

  • The Normans

    • Founders of the English monarchy

    • Nominally subjects to Carolingian and later Capetian rulers

      • Dukes of Normandy functioned on their own

    • Built a tightly centralized rule

    • All authority stemmed from dukes

    • Limited rights of their retainers to grant land to others

      • Stopped conflicts

    • Built a series of castles with armies

    • Prominent political and military leaders

  • Norman England

    • 1066 Duke William of Normandy (William the Conqueror)

    • Sailed across English Channel to invade England

    • Won military victory and introduced Norman principles of government to England

    • Fought against the Capetians because they wanted power in France

Heavy Plows:

  • Created after the scratch plow which only disturbed the uppermost levels of the soil

  • Heavy plows could penetrate deep into the soil, allowing greater aeration and nutrient redistribution.

Guilds:

  • social and economic trade organization - dominated the urban economy in high middle ages

  • Levels of hierarchy within a guild: apprentice→journeyman→master

    • In order to become a master you had to create a “masterwork”

Schism:

  • In 1054 the patriarch and pope mutually excommunicated each other

  • Refused to recognize the other church as properly Christian

  • Split into Eastern Orthodox church and Roman Catholic church

Patriarchs:

Popes and Patriarchs

  • Christianity had a very hierarchical organizational structure

    • More than other religions

    • Two most important Christian authorities during Middle Ages

  • Bishop of Rome: Pope

  • Patriarch of Constantinople

  • The patriarchs of Constantinople were powerful

  • Had caesaropapism

  • This resulted in tension between imperial and church authorities because they both had a lot of power

St. Augustine:

  • 354-430 CE

  • Bishop of North African city of Hippo

  • Took inspiration from Stoicism

  • In 387 CE he converted to Christianity

  • Articulated Christianity in terms that appealed to educated people 

  • Connected it to Greek/Roman philosophy

  • Made Christianity intellectually respectable
    Since Christians had intellectual talent + could practice their religion openly they could develop a church

    • Without the church… development of contradictory doctrines

Caesaropapism:

  • Constantinople + successors claimed divinity

  • Caesaropapism: emperor was a secular lord + also played an active role in church affairs

  • Byzantine rulers were absolute rulers

  • Had many privileges

  • Restricted the power of the patriarchs (the church officials)

Theme System:

  • Granted farmland to men who served as soldiers

  • Supported a powerful army

  • Prosperous and independent peasantry

Papacy:

  • Western Roman Empire collapsed but the papacy survived

  • Had religious authority over the former Roman Empire’s lands

  • During the 6th century the popes acted independently of Eastern Europe and focus a lot of their errors to strengthen the western Christian church

Scholasticism:

  • Sought to synthesize the beliefs and values of Christianity with Greek philosophy

  • Analytical and careful study can illuminate the mysteries of creation and make the incompatible, compatible

  • Questions: what is the relationship between faith and reason? How do we incorporate things that are observably true, but asserted by non-Christians (pre-Christian thinkers, Muslims, Jews)

St. Thomas Aquinas:

  • St. Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274) - most famous scholastic theologian

    • Thought at University of Paris

    • Believed Aristotle had understood the workings of the world

    • Saw no contradiction between Aristotle and Christian revelation - complementary authorities

    • Thought that by combining Aristotle and Christian thought it was the most powerful system of thought

    • St. Thomas believed by drawing on Aristotle he could prove rationally God exists

      • Aristotle argued that there was someone who set the world in motion

    • Wrote the summa theologica

Crusades:

  • Religious wars undertaken by Christians

  • Christians were encouraged to go on Crusades by Pope Urban II

  • The goal was to capture Jerusalem from Muslim rule

  • Examples of the Crusades → first crusade, king’s crusade, children’s crusades

Francisco Petrarch:

  • 1303-1374

  • Son of a notary, he trained in law and the church, but later criticized both

  • Traveled widely, visiting libraries and Roman ruins

  • Viewed the intervening centuries between Roman republic and his own as a period of ignorance and superstition

  • The father of humanism 

Pico:

  • Most famous for writing “Oration on the Dignity of Man”

    • One of the most important works of humanism 

Hanseatic League:

  • Made up of Baltic Sea and North Sea trade

  • Hansa: an association of trading cities from Novgorod in Russia to London

  • Traded fish, furs, timber

  • Traveled on Rhine and Daube to link the Hansa to the Mediterranean

Eleanor of Aquitaine:

  • Aristocratic woman from the city of Poiters, modern France

  • Supported poets and entertainers (troubadours)

  • Influenced the idea of courtly love

Troubadours:

  • Class of traveling performers

  • Performed songs often describing the emotional experience of (unrequited) love

  • Patronized by upper-class women such as Eleanor of Aquitane

  • Female troubadours were called troubaritz


Identify the ways in which the Church influenced political, social, economic, and cultural power in Medieval Europe.



The Pope had control over the church. Pope Gregory crowned Charlemagne the holy roman empire.

Patriarchs

Papal Supremacy which means he believes he has power over the entire church.

Caesaropapism is where the pope gained some political and other secular power despite being leader of the church such as being able to excommunicate people from the church (ie the king) causing them to lose power and appointing bishops as judges

After great schism, the eastern orthodox church split and was ruled by patriarchs. Patriarchs had debated the pope's power and that caused the split

Investiture controversy, debate over pope’s ability to appoint judges (bishops) (lay investiture)

Papacy

Iconoclasm (emperor leo demanded all religious artworks to be removed bc they were idols)



Explain the effects of the crusades on Christian, Muslim, and Jewish societies



West christians sacked the Byzantines weakening their economy which ultimately caused their downfall. The byzantines participated in the crusades to protect themselves from islamic invaders

Jews were forced by west christians out of homeland and then were taxed and persecuted

Muslims were invaded and had to rebuild some property