The Industrial Revolution Section 2

European cities go through a period of %%urbanization%% because of the factory system

This caused living conditions to be terrible:

  • Sickness was widespread (cholera)
  • Average worker had 14 hour days, 6 days a week
  • Dangerous industry-coal mines

There is also a rise in class tension

  • New money-factory owners, shippers, and merchants became middle class
  • Upper class included doctors, lawyers
  • Lower class included factory overseers
  • Working class-machines replaced “unskilled” workers as many trades and skills were no longer deemed valuable
  • %%Luddites%% - destroyed machines in factories and rioted

There were some ^^positives^^ to the industrial revolution:

  • Created jobs
  • Money!
  • Increased production of goods
  • Hope of improvement
  • Expanded educational opportunities
  • Took a while for everybody but eventually conditions improved in the workplace

Some key moments in the spread of industrialization include:

  • %%Samuel Slater%% - built a spinning machine from memory in U.S.
  • %%Francis Lowell%% - mechanized every stage of manufactured cloth in U.S.
  • Women flocked to mill jobs
  • U.S. went through Industrialization in late 1800s
  • Resources, inventions, swelling population were contributors
  • Railroads played a major role
  • Corporations are born as entrepreneurs sold shares of stock and rights of ownership, allowing them to raise large amounts of wealth and capital

The rest of Europe also begins to industrialize:

  • %%William Cockerill%% made his way to Belgium, his son built large industry there
  • Germany had pockets of industry as they imported British engineers and build railways
  • Regions in Europe began to industrialize (ex. Northern Italy-textile)
  • Social structure and geography halted it elsewhere

Reforms

  • Workers joined together to form unions
  • Engaged in bargaining with employers if refused workers would strike
  • Britain-Combination Acts outlawed unions but were repealed in 1824
  • 1886 - ^^U.S. American Federation of Labor^^ led successful strikes
  • ^^Factory Act of 1833^^ - illegal to hire children under 9
  • Could not work more than 8 hours a day
  • 1842 - ^^Mines Act^^ prevented women and children from working underground
  • 1847 - limited workday to 10 hours
  • %%William Wilberforce%% was influential in getting the slave to end in Britain in 1833
  • US -1865
  • Puerto Rico -1873
  • Brazil -1888
  • Women activists met at the ^^International Council for Women^^ in 1888.
  • %%Horace Mann%% - advocated for free public education
  • %%Alexis de Tocqueville%% sought to reform the conditions in prison