CHEMISTRY


  1. Chemistry Basics

    1. What are physical properties and chemical properties? Give two examples of each. 


Physical properties are those that can be determined without permanently changing the substance. They can usually be determined simply by observation, such as colour or smell. Chemical properties can only be determined experimentally by permanently changing the substance, such as flammability and toxicity. 


  1. What are physical changes and chemical changes? Give two examples of each. 


Physical change can be reversed, such as a change of state (melting or freezing). Chemical changes are permanent, such as frying an egg or burning wood. 


  1. What are the three states of matter and how do particles in each state behave?


solid: particles are tightly packed and vibrating

liquid: particles are further apart than in solids, and are able to flow past each other 

gas: particles are very far apart and fly around


  1. What are the three subatomic particles? What is their charge and size? Where are they located in relation to the atom?


protons are positive and have a size of 1 

neutrons are neutral and have a size of 1

electrons are negative and tiny, with a size 1/1838 of a proton or neutron 

protons and neutrons are in the nucleus of an atom, and electrons orbit around the nucleus


  1. What is the difference between an element, a compound, and a mixture?


An element is one specific type of atom (as shown in the Periodic Table). A compound is a combination of two or more different elements together. A mixture is where different particles (could be elements or compounds or even larger things) are “swimming” around in the same space. 


  1. Determine which of the following are elements, compounds, and mixtures:
    water, table salt (NaCl), iron (Fe), tea, milk, magnesium (Mg), alcohol (C    2H6O)


Elements: Fe, Mg, 

Compounds: NaCl, H2O, C2H6O

Mixtures: tea, milk



  1. Periodic Table

    1. The periodic table is arranged according to which property? 


Atomic number, which is the number of protons.


  1. Who is credited with first organizing our modern periodic table? 


Dmitri Mendeleev


  1. What are the rows of a periodic table called? What do all elements in a row have in common?


They are called periods. All elements in a period have the same number of orbitals (electron shells). 


  1. What are the columns of a periodic table called? What do all elements in a column have in common?


They are called groups. All elements in a group have the same number of valence electrons (outer shell electrons). 


  1. Atomic Properties 

    1. Which number determines the type of element?


The atomic number (number of protons). 


  1. What is atomic mass?


Sum of protons and neutrons. 


  1. What is an isotope? 


Different versions of the same element, having different masses. (In other words, they have different neutrons, but same number of protons.) 


  1. What is the difference between an anion and a cation? 


An atom that gains an electron becomes a negative anion.

An atom that loses an electron becomes a positive cation.  


  1. Which types of elements usually become anions and which cations? Give one example for each. 


Metals usually become cations while non-metals become anions. Mg2+ is a magnesium cation while O2- is an oxygen anion. 



  1. Which types of elements combine to form ionic bonds? Which combine to form covalent bonds? What is the difference between these bond types? 


Metals and non-metals make ionic bonds. Two or more non-metals make covalent bonds. Ionic bonds transfer electrons and the atoms become charged ions. They are held together by their opposite charges, which attract each other. Covalent bonds share electrons, and holds atoms together by the fusion of their valence shells. 


  1. Which compound would form from the combination of lithium and oxygen? Draw a Lewis diagram and name it. 


  1. Which compound would form from the combination of calcium and nitrogen? Draw a Lewis diagram and name it. 


  1. Which compound would form from the combination of hydrogen and fluorine? Draw a Lewis diagram and name it. 


















  1. Development of the Atom & Reactions 

    1. Summarize the contributions of the Ancient Greeks, Dalton, Thomson, Rutherford, and Bohr to the development of the atomic model. 


Ancient Greeks: the concept of an “atom” 

Dalton: the atomic theory 

Thomson: the discovery of the electron

Rutherford: the discovery of a positive nucleus 

Bohr: electron orbitals/energy levels 


  1. What is the name of Rutherford’s famous experiment? What did he discover? 


The Gold Foil Experiment. He discovered the positive nucleus of the atom.  


  1. What is a combustion reaction?


When something burns in the presence of oxygen. 


  1. Identify the reactants and products of the following chemical equation:
    H    2O + CO2 🡪 H2CO3

ReactantsProduct