Study Notes for Introduction to Information Technology (BBH 221)

ZAMBIAN OPEN UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF BUSINESS

Introduction to Information Technology (BBH 221)

• Instructor: Mr. Dickson Matembo
• Qualifications: Dip.Ed (UNZA), Adv.Dip.Ed (UNZA), Bsc.Comp.Sc (CBU), MBA (CBU), A+ (India)

Course Aim

• The primary goal of this course is to teach fundamental concepts in Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and to encourage students to stay updated on current technological trends, which are essential for success in this field.

Course Objectives

• By achieving the following objectives, students will fulfill the aim of the course:
  • Explain principles and practices in ICT.
  • Identify uses, types, and advantages of databases and computer networks.
  • Discuss the significance and infrastructural importance of distributed networks, the Internet, and the World Wide Web.
  • Explain how ICT applications are managed in personal, enterprise, and business contexts, focusing on survival strategies.
  • Identify challenges of ICT and propose solutions.

Course Outline

Unit One: Information Systems

• 1.1 Introduction
• 1.2 Definitions
• 1.3 Types of Information Systems
• 1.4 Computer Software
• 1.5 Data
• 1.6 IT in Business
• 1.7 IT in Industry
• 1.8 Features of the IT Industry at a Glance
• 1.9 IT in Education

Unit Two: The Computer System and Central Processing Unit

• 2.1 Introduction
• 2.2 Work Stations and Servers
• 2.3 Mobile Computers
• 2.4 Mini Computers
• 2.5 Anatomy of Computer
• 2.6 The Foundation of Modern Information Technology
• 2.7 Bit and Bytes
• 2.8 Central Processing Unit-Memory

Unit Three: Hardware

• 3.1 Introduction
• 3.2 Input Devices
• 3.3 Output Devices
• 3.4 Graphics
• 3.5 Pointing Devices
• 3.6 The Foundation of Modern Outputs
• 3.7 Secondary Storage Device
• 3.8 The Foundation of Modern Storage
• 3.9 Storage Characteristics
• 3.10 Storage Media

Unit Four: Software

• 4.1 Introduction
• 4.2 User Interface
• 4.3 Application Programs
• 4.4 Operating System and Types
• 4.5 File Management and Utilities
• 4.6 Major Software Issues

Unit Five: Networking Technologies

• 5.1 Introduction
• 5.2 Local-Area Networks
• 5.3 Wide-Area Networks
• 5.4 Wireless Networks
• 5.5 Network Topology
• 5.6 Basic Advantages of Using Networks

Unit Six: Internet and World Wide Web

• 6.1 Introduction
• 6.2 The Web - Getting Connected
• 6.3 Browsing the Web
• 6.4 Locating Information on the Web
• 6.5 Web Multimedia

Assessment

• The module will be evaluated through 50% continuous assessment and another 50% from a written examination at the end of the semester.

Recommended Textbooks

1. Information Technology: The Breaking Wave by Dennis P. Curtin, Kim Foley, Kernel Sen, Cathleen Mortin - Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing
2. Cisco Networking Essentials (2009). Retrieved August 12, 2009 from http://www.cisco.com/edu
3. An Illustrated Dictionary of Information Technology by Z. Cohn and S. Lefolii. (1998). Lewes, UK: Godfrey Cave Associates Ltd.
4. Computer Networks (2009). Retrieved August 12, 2009 from http://www.businesslifehome.com/?computer+network
5. Information Technology: Principles, Practices, Opportunities (3rd Edition) by J. A. Senn. New Jersey, US: Pearson Prentice Hall.

Unit One: Information Systems

1.1 Introduction

• Definition: Information Systems (IS) is a discipline that connects the fields of business and computer science, evolving toward a distinct scientific area of study.
• Components: Typically includes people, procedures, data, software, and hardware, utilized to gather and analyze digital information.
• Computer-Based Information Systems: These are networks of complementary hardware and software, enabling individuals and organizations to collect, filter, process, create, and distribute data.

1.2 Definition

• Purpose: Information systems are established within organizations to enhance effectiveness and efficiency.
• Effectiveness is contingent upon the capabilities of the information system, organizational characteristics, work systems, personnel, and methodologies for development and implementation.

1.3 Types of Information Systems

• Classic Pyramid Model: A representation of information systems hierarchy from transaction processing systems (base) to executive information systems (top).
  • Legacy Systems: Include categories that have emerged since the 1980s, with examples such as:
  • Data Warehouses
  • Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
  • Enterprise Systems
  • Expert Systems
  • Geographic Information System (GIS)
  • Global Information System (GIS)
  • Office Automation

1.4 Computer Software

• Overview: Software consists of collections of computer programs and related data that instruct computers on actions.
• **Types of Software: **
  • Application Software: End-user applications (e.g., word processors).
  • Middleware: Controls distributed systems.
  • Programming Languages: Define syntax and semantics for writing programs; examples include COBOL, which was widely used in banking applications.
  • System Software: Operating systems managing computing resources; can include web applications as system software due to user interfaces.
  • Testware: For testing software and hardware.
  • Firmware: Low-level software stored on programmable memory devices, functioning like hardware.
  • Shrinkware: Consumer-purchased software often sold in boxes.
  • Device Drivers: Control hardware components.
  • Programming Tools: Assist in various computing tasks including debugging.

1.5 Data

• Definition: Data refers to qualitative or quantitative attributes of variables; unprocessed data leads to information and knowledge.
• Forms of Data:
  • Raw data: unprocessed collection from devices.
  • Exist in various forms: numbers, text, images, or facts.
  • Difference between data (binary format) and text (human-readable format).
  • In databases, data files hold actual information, while index files and data dictionaries store administrative information (metadata).

1.6 IT in Business

• Current Use: IT is pivotal in various business transactions including:
  • Wage preparation
  • Inventory control
  • Record maintenance
  • Management reporting
  • Banking transactions
  • Accounting records for insurance.
• Importance: Adapting to technology is vital to thrive in competitive markets; access to IT solutions is increasingly available online.
• Tools: CMS and SEO software are essential for managing sales processes online.

1.7 IT in Industry

• Computer Utilization: Various industries utilize computers for:
  • Process control (e.g., in chemical, paper, and oil industries to boost productivity).
  • Efficient design of machinery and infrastructure (e.g., vehicles, aircraft, bridges).
  • Power management in utilities through computers.
• IT Industry Definition: Encompasses both software development and hardware management within organizations, leading to significant growth and employment globally.

1.8 Features of the IT Industry at a Glance

• Characteristics:
  • Significant economies of scale.
  • Knowledge-based operations.
  • Efficient use of skilled labor.
  • Integral support for other sectors.

1.9 IT in Education

• Applications in Education:
  • Facilitate instruction and library management.
  • Enhance learning with CAE and CBT packages.
  • Effective use includes:
  • Dynamic graphing
  • Simulations
  • Drills for practice
  • Improved visualization and communication.
• Skill Development: Emphasizes practical IT skills and lifelong learning in educational contexts.

Unit Two: The Computer System and Central Processing Unit

2.1 Introduction

• Definitions: Various types of computer systems are designed for user needs.
• Microcomputers: Personal computers for individual use. Types include:
  • Desktop (stationary)
  • Laptop (portable)

2.2 Workstations and Servers

• Workstation: High-end microcomputer designed for complex tasks like game development or engineering. Can serve as a server in basic network setups.
• Server: High-power computers for managing networked clients. Requires high-performance processors and extensive memory.

2.3 Mobile Computers

• Laptops: Portable systems referred to as notebooks, combining power and compact design. Variants are:
  • PDA: For managing small data and notes.
  • Palmtop: Smaller, with limited functions and web surfing capabilities.

2.4 Mini Computers

• Types: Includes minicomputers, mainframes, and supercomputers. Minicomputers can serve as mid-range servers, while mainframes handle extensive data processing.

2.5 Anatomy of a Computer

• Monitor: Displays visual information; types include CRT and LCD, differentiated by size, weight, and visual quality.
  • CRT (Cathode Ray Tube): Older technology, bulkier with higher power requirements.
  • LCD (Liquid Crystal Display): Lightweight, less harmful radiation, but potentially less bright.

2.6 The Foundation of Modern Information Technology

• Binary Digits: The base of digital data, using only 0s and 1s.
• Bits and Bytes:
  • Bit: The smallest unit of data in computing, representing two distinct states.
  • Byte: Traditionally 8 bits, encapsulating character data; size varies across contexts but typically is standardized.

2.7 Central Processing Unit (CPU)

• Definitions and Functions: Executes program instructions. Consists of:
  • Control Unit (CU): Directs the operation of the processor, controlling information flow.
  • Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): Performs arithmetic and logical operations.

2.8 Memory Types

• RAM (Random Access Memory): Volatile memory for temporary data storage during operation.
• ROM (Read-Only Memory): Non-volatile memory containing startup instructions.
• Various types of memory (PROM, EPROM, EEPROM): Each offers distinct functions in terms of reusability and storage capabilities.

Unit Three: Hardware

3.1 Introduction

• Definition of I/O Devices: Peripherals for user interaction with computers, categorized as input bringing data in and output releasing data out.

3.2 Input Devices

• Types of input devices include: keyboard, mouse, scanner, joystick among others.

3.3 Output Devices

• Types of output devices include: monitors, LCDs, printers, and plotters.

3.4 Graphics

• Overview of Graphics: Visual information presented digitally, combining text and illustrations.

3.5 Pointing Devices

• Examples include: mouse and trackball, crucial for user interaction with graphical interfaces.

3.6 Secondary Storage Devices

• Definition: External storage that retains information regardless of power state; includes hard drives, USB drives, and disks.

3.7 The Foundation of Modern Storage

• Concepts: Data is organized logically on storage devices, with specific rules on how it is written to maximize efficiency.

3.8 Storage Characteristics

• Definition: Various parameters that define how data is stored and accessed on devices.

3.9 Storage Media

• Types of storage media include: diskettes, hard drives, and optical discs for data storage and retrieval.

Unit Four: Software

4.1 Introduction

• Overview of Application Software: Designed for specific tasks to enhance user productivity.

4.2 User Interface

• Definition: The means by which the user interacts with software applications via commands or menus.

4.3 Application Programs

• Bundled Applications: Standard programs included with operating systems for everyday use.
• Popular Examples: Windows Explorer, Internet Explorer, Notepad, WordPad, etc.

4.4 Operating System

• Definition: System software managing hardware resources and facilitating application operations.
• Types: Real-time, multi-user, single-user, multitasking, embedded among others.

4.5 File Management and Utilities

• Definition: Systems for organizing and maintaining files effectively within an operating environment.

4.6 Major Software Issues

• Overview of Challenges: Common problems encountered in software deployment, testing, and operation.

Unit Five: Networking Technologies

5.1 Introduction

• Overview of Networking Types: LAN and WAN as the two primary networking systems.

5.2 Local Area Networks

• Definition and Functionality: Networks supporting local resource sharing and communication.
• Technologies: Ethernet as a cornerstone of LAN technology, with characteristics of access and collision management.

5.3 Wide Area Networks

• Definition and Scope: Networks extending over larger geographic areas, connecting multiple LANs.

5.4 Wireless Networks

• Overview: Technology allowing computer and peripheral communication without cabling.

5.5 Network Topology

• Definition: The geometric arrangement of computers and devices in a network.
• Common Layouts: Point-to-point, bus, star, ring, and tree topologies.

5.6 Basic Advantages of Using Networks

• Benefits: Resource sharing, communication enhancement, workload distribution, and mutual helps among users.

Unit Six: Internet and World Wide Web

6.1 Introduction

• Definition: The World Wide Web as a system of interlinked hypertexts accessible over the Internet.

6.2 Getting Connected to the Web

• Requirements: A computer, web browser, and an ISP for Internet access.

6.3 Browsing the Web: Major Browsers

• Examples include: Google Chrome, Microsoft Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Opera, Safari.

6.4 Locating Information on the Web

• Challenges: Difficulty in finding information; solutions include search engines and indexes.

6.5 Web Multimedia

• Overview of Multimedia: The Web as a platform for diverse media forms; importance of plugins and media players for playback.

Conclusion

• Final Notes: Understanding the integral role of ICT in business, education, and everyday life as an evolving field fueled by technological advancements.

Reminder for Students:

• Stay engaged and proactive in exploring and integrating IT knowledge into practical scenarios.