Lab Practical 2
Q1: What are the three tunics of blood vessels?
A1: The three tunics of blood vessels are the tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica externa.
Q2: What is the largest artery in the body?
A2: The largest artery in the body is the aorta.
Q4: Define systole and diastole.
A4: Systole is the contraction phase of the heart, while diastole is the relaxation phase.
Q5: What is the order of events in the cardiac cycle?
A5: The order of events in the cardiac cycle is atrial systole, ventricular systole, and diastole.
Q6: What produces the “lub” sound during the cardiac cycle? The “dub” sound?
A6: The "lub" sound is produced by the closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves, while the "dub" sound is produced by the closure of the aortic and pulmonary valves.
Q7: What tool would you use to listen to heart sounds?
A7: A stethoscope is used to listen to heart sounds.
Q8: Where can pulse be measured on the body?
A8: Pulse can be measured on the wrist, neck, groin, and ankle.
Q9: What tool would you use to measure blood pressure?
A9: A sphygmomanometer is used to measure blood pressure.
Q10: What are the basic steps for measuring blood pressure at rest?
A10: The basic steps for measuring blood pressure at rest are to have the patient sit quietly for 5 minutes, wrap the cuff around the upper arm, inflate the cuff, slowly release the pressure, and record the systolic and diastolic pressures.
Q11: What is the equation for measuring arterial blood pressure?
A11: Arterial blood pressure = cardiac output x peripheral resistance.
Q12: What are the structures of the upper respiratory system?
A12: The structures of the upper respiratory system are the nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, and larynx.
13)
Q: What are the structures of the upper respiratory system that have both respiratory and digestive functions?
A: The structures of the upper respiratory system that have both respiratory and digestive functions are the pharynx and the larynx. The epiglottis is also a part of the larynx that prevents food from entering the trachea.
Q: What are the structures of the upper respiratory system that have only respiratory functions?
A: The structures of the upper respiratory system that have only respiratory functions are the nasal cavity, the trachea, and the bronchi.
14)
Q: What are the different cartilaginous structures in the respiratory system?
A: The different cartilaginous structures in the respiratory system are the epiglottis, thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, arytenoid cartilage, corniculate cartilage, and cuneiform cartilage.
Q: What are the different types of cartilage in each of these structures?
A: The epiglottis, thyroid cartilage, and cricoid cartilage are made of hyaline cartilage. The arytenoid cartilage, corniculate cartilage, and cuneiform cartilage are made of elastic cartilage.
15)
Q: What are the structures of the lower respiratory system?
A: The structures of the lower respiratory system are the bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli.
16)
Q: How are the left and right main bronchi different?
A: The left main bronchus is narrower and longer than the right main bronchus. It also divides into two secondary bronchi, while the right main bronchus divides into three.
17)
Q: How are the left and right lungs different?
A: The left lung is smaller and has two lobes, while the right lung is larger and has three lobes.
18)
Q: What tool would you use to measure respiration volumes?
A: A spirometer is used to measure respiration volumes.
19)
Q: What are the average respiratory volumes for males and females? What about the average respiratory capacities?
A: The average respiratory volume for males is 500 ml and for females is 500 ml. The average respiratory capacity for males is 6000 ml and for females is 4200 ml.
20)
Q: How would you use a spirometer to measure tidal volume? Inspiratory reserve volume (only possible with iWorx spirometer in this class)? Expiratory reserve volume?
A: To measure tidal volume, the subject would breathe normally into the spirometer. To measure inspiratory reserve volume, the subject would inhale as deeply as possible after a normal inhalation. To measure expiratory reserve volume, the subject would exhale as much air as possible after a normal exhalation.
21)
Q: What factors influence the rate and depth of respiration?
A: Factors that influence the rate and depth of respiration include exercise, emotions, pain, temperature, altitude, and certain drugs.
22)
Q: How does breathing impact pulse?
A: Breathing impacts pulse by causing slight variations in heart rate. Inhalation increases heart rate, while exhalation decreases heart rate.
23)
Q: What buffer system operates in blood plasma and red blood cells? Which component of the buffer system resists a drop in pH? What resists a rise in pH?
A: The bicarbonate buffer system operates in blood plasma and red blood cells. The bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) resists a drop in pH, while carbonic acid (H2CO3) resists a rise in pH.
24)
Q: Briefly explain how the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffers system of the blood operates?
A: The carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system operates by converting excess acid or base into a weaker acid or base. Carbonic acid (H2CO3) can donate a hydrogen ion (H+) to neutralize a base, while bicarbonate (HCO3-) can accept a hydrogen ion to neutralize an acid.
25) What is the role of the chloride shift?
The chloride shift is the movement of chloride ions from the plasma into red blood cells in exchange for bicarbonate ions. This process helps to maintain the electrochemical balance of the blood during gas exchange in the lungs.
26) What is hypoventilation? Hyperventilation?
Hypoventilation is a condition in which a person breathes too slowly or too shallowly, resulting in decreased oxygen intake, increased carbon dioxide retention, and increased pH. Hyperventilation, on the other hand, is a condition in which a person breathes too quickly or too deeply, resulting in increased oxygen intake, decreased carbon dioxide retention, and decreased pH.
27) What happens to the amount of carbonic acid in the blood during hypoventilation? During hyperventilation?
During hypoventilation, the amount of carbonic acid in the blood increases due to the retention of carbon dioxide. During hyperventilation, the amount of carbonic acid in the blood decreases due to the elimination of carbon dioxide.
28) What is respiratory acidosis? Respiratory alkalosis?
Respiratory acidosis is a condition in which the blood pH decreases due to an increase in carbon dioxide levels caused by hypoventilation. Respiratory alkalosis is a condition in which the blood pH increases due to a decrease in carbon dioxide levels caused by hyperventilation.
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