AP PSYCH

Currently, in the DSM-5, abnormal behavior is generally defined as...

Deviant, Distressing,

Dysfunctional, Dangerous

Deinstitutionalization

When better psychotropic drugs were created this movement began to remove patients who were not considered a threat to themselves or the community from mental hospitals

Anxiety Disorders

• Generalized Anxiety

Disorder (GAD)

Experience excessive anxiety under most circumstances and worry about practically anything

Panic Disorder Anxiety disorder marked by recurrent and unpredictable panic attacks

Specific Phobia Intense, irrational fear responses to specific stimuli

• Agoraphobia Afraid to be in public situations from which escape might be difficult or help unavailable if panic-like or embarrassing symptoms were to occur

Obsessive-Compulsive

Disorder (OCD)

Compound disorder of thought and behavior

Obsessions are persistent, intrusive, and unwanted thoughts that an individual cannot get out of his or her mind compulsions are ritualistic behaviors performed repeatedly

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Posttraumatic Stress

Disorder (PTSD) Result of some trauma experienced by the victim. Victims re-experience the traumatic event in nightmares about the event, or flashbacks in which they relieve the event

Mood Disorders

• Bipolar Disorder Mood swings alternating

between periods of major depression and mania

Major Depressive

Disorder Involves intense depressed mood, reduced interest or pleasure in activities, loss of energy, and problems in making decisions for a minimum of 2 weeks

Personality Disorders

• Paranoid Personality

Disorder "Accusatory"

Pattern of distrust and suspiciousness about other peoples motives, individual thinks that others are out to threaten, betray, exploit, or harm

Schizoid Personality

Disorder "Aloof"

Characterized by persistent avoidance of social relationships and little expression of emotion

Schizotypal Personality

Disorder "Awkward"

Characterized by extreme discomfort in close relationships, very odd patterns of thinking and perceiving, and behavioral eccentricities

Antisocial Personality

Disorder (APD)

Characterized by a general pattern of disregard for and violation of other people's rights (closely linked to criminal behavior)

Borderline Pers

Disorder Charact

inteated instabiling interpersonal relationships, self-image and mood and by impulsive behavior

Histrionic Personality

Disorder Characterized by a pattern of excessive emotionality (dramatic) and attention seeking

• Narcissistic Personality

Disorder Characterized by a broad pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, and lack of empathy

Avoidant Personality

Disorder Characterized by consistent discomfort and restraint in social

situations, overwhelming feelings of inadequacy, and extreme sensitivity to negative evaluation/potential rejection, humanilitation

Dependent Personality

Disorder Characterized by a pattern of clinging and obedience, fear of separation, and an

ongoing need to be taken care of

• Obsessive Compulsive

Personality Disorder

Characterized by an intense focus on

orderliness, perfectionism, and control that the person loses flexibility, openness, and efficiency

Neurodevelopmental

Disorders

• Attention Deficit/

Hyperactivity Disorder

(ADHD) Disorder marked by the inability to focus attention, or overactive and impulsive behavior, or Both

Autism Spectrum

Disorder (ASD) Disorder marked by extreme unresponsiveness to others, severe communication deficits, and highly repetitive and rigid behaviors, interests, and activities

Intellectual Disability (ID)

Disorder marked by intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior that are well below average

Neurocognitive Disorders

• Alzheimer's Disease Fatal degenerative disease in which brain neurons progressively die,

characterized by loss of memory, reasoning, emotion, and control of bodily functions

Eating & Feeding Disorders

• Anorexia Nervosa

(Anorexia) Life-threatening eating disorder that involves intense fear of weight gain or becoming overweight, distorted perception of one's weight/body shape, persistent restriction of caloric intake

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Body dysmorphia increasing cognitive misperception of being overweight despite evidence to the contrary

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Bulimia Nervosa (Bulimia)

Recurrent binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors for the intake of food, such as purging

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Binge Eating Disorder Uncontrollably eating a large amount of food in a short period of time; after a bingeing episode a person will not purge and will feel an extreme sense of guilt

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Somatic Disorders

• Somatic Symptom

Disorder (SDD)

Characterized by physical symptoms including pain, and high anxiety in these individuals about having a disease

Illness Anxiety Disorder

(IAD) Characterized by a preoccupation with a serious medical or health condition with either no or mild physical (somatic)

symptoms such as nausea or dizziness that has persisted for 6 months

Conversion Disorder

Characterized by loss of some bodily function without physical damage to the affected organs or their neural connections

Dissociative Disorders

• Dissociative Amnesia Loss of memory for a traumatic event or period of time that is too painful for an individual to remember

Dissociative Identity

Disorder (DID) Rare mental disorder characterized by at least two distinct and relatively enduring identities or dissociated personality states that recurrently control a person's behavior

Schizophrenia Psychotic disorder in which personal, social, and occupational functioning deteriorate as a result of unusual perceptions, odd thoughts, disturbed emotions, and motor abnormalities

Dopamine Hypothesis

High fluctuation of levels of dopamine can be responsible for schizophrenic sympt-

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Exposure Treatment

• Flooding Exposing people to fear-invoking objects or situations intensely and rapidly

Systematic

Desensitization

Developed by Joseph Wolpe, a client makes a list of fears and then learns to relax while concentrating on these fears

• Aversion Therapy Pairing an undesirable behavior with an aversive stimulus in the hope that the unwanted behavior will eventually be reduced

• Token Economy

Behavioral strategy relies on reinforcement to modify behavior. Clients are allowed to earn tokens that can be exchanged for special privileges or desired items

Biofeedback Mind-body technique that involves using visual or auditory feedback to gain control over involuntary bodily functions

Cognitive-Behavioral

Therapists Human emotions and behavior are predominantly generated by ideas,

thinking

beliefs, attitudes and

Rational-Emotive Behavior

19505 by Albert Ellis,

Therapy (REBT) Developed in psychological problems arise when thoughts are irrational and lead to behavioral

distressful

consequences

Psychoanalysis The primary focus of psychodynamic therapy is to uncover the unconscious content of a client's psyche in order to alleviate psychic tension

Free Association The client spontaneously reports thoughts, feelings, and mental images that come to mind (no censorship)

Resistance "Mental

Blocks" The patient's conscious or unconscious attempt to block disturbing memories, motives, and experiences (sensitive material)

Transference The process by which a patient projects or transfers unresolved conflicts and feelings onto the therapist

Unconditional Positive

Regard, allow client to steer the direction of the therapy, clients have value Active listening therapist listens to client, paraphrasing what the client says, prevents advice or judgements

Biomedical Therapy

Antidepressant Drugs

Elevate mood by affecting neurotransmitters such as serotonin that are linked to depression

SSRI (selective serotonin

• reuptake inhibitor) - blocks the reuptake of serotonin

Electroconvulsive Therapy

(ECT) A biological

treatment in which a brain seizure is triggered as an electric current passes through electrodes attached to the patient's

forehead

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COLLEGE

BOARD

FAVORITES

Reliability consistency of a research study or measuring test. Research is considered reliable if we get the same result repeatedly.

Validity whether or not a test really measures what it claims to measure. Think of it as a measure of accuracy.

Confounding variables (aka third variables) are variables that the researcher failed to control, or eliminate, damaging the validity of an experiment

Operational Definition

How we (the researcher) decide to measure the variables in our study

(variable = anything that

can be measured). This allows for replication of the study

Independent Variable (IV)

"Cause" characteristic of a psychology experiment that is manipulated or changed by researchers, not by other variables in the experiment

Dependent Variable (DV)

"Effect" the variable that is being measured or tested in an experiment.

Researchers are looking at how changes in the

independent variable cause changes in the dependent variable

It is almost guaranteed that you will need to operationalize an independent variable or dependent variable. Practice writing specific procedures for how you will measure the variable.

Milgram Experiment

Conducted by Stanley

Milgram. The study found that a big majority of the participants were willing to obey an authority figure even when they were being instructed to do something that they believed was morally wrong

Little Albert Experiment