Notes on Energy Conservation and Renewable Energy Outlook

Global Renewable Energy Outlook

  • Global greenhouse gas emissions are rising, with varied warming projections:
    • Baseline: 4.1 - 4.8 °C
    • Current policies: 3.1 - 3.7 °C
    • Pledges: 2.6 - 3.2 °C
    • 2°C consistent target: 1.5-1.7°C
    • 1.5°C consistent target: 1.3-1.5°C
  • Six-fold increase in renewables needed in the world’s energy mix.

Electricity Grid

  • Structure of the electricity grid includes:
    • Transmission Lines: Carry high voltage electricity over long distances (e.g., 765/500/345/230/138 kV).
    • Distribution Lines: Deliver electricity to end-users.
    • Generation Stations: Locations where electricity is produced.
  • Smart Grids enable better management and integration of various renewable energy sources (solar, wind, etc.).

Indonesian Energy Outlook

Renewable Energy Potential

  • Geothermal potential: 25.4 GW, with actual capacity at 1.949 GW.
  • Biomass potential: 32.6 GW, with actual capacity at 1.859 GW.
  • Solar potential: 207.8 GW, with actual capacity at 0.15 GWp.
  • Wind potential: 60.6 GW, actual capacity at 0.076 GW.
  • Total renewable energy potential: 442 GW; current utilization is 2.15% (9.5 GW).

Conservation Efforts

  • Economic focus on energy efficiency:
    • Reduction of energy intensity by 1\% per year until 2025.
    • Energy saving targets for the sectors:
    • 2025: 17\%
    • 2030: 22\%
    • 2050: 39\%

Energy Conservation Strategy

  • Goals of energy conservation:
    • Preserve national energy resources and improve efficiency.
    • Reduce emissions and improve economic competitiveness.
  • Government involvement in policy creation to encourage energy savings and technological investments.

Digital Transformation in Energy

  • Digital technologies can foster efficient energy management systems, utilizing smart meters and IoT to optimize energy consumption.
  • Digital Index of 2017 positioned Indonesia's digital evolution at "Break Out," indicating growth potential in the digital economy.

Electric Vehicles (EVs)

  • Different types of EV technologies:
    • Plug-in hybrids, fuel cells, and fully electric.
  • Market dynamics: China leads with the highest market share, followed by Europe and the US.

Energy Storage Systems (ESS)

  • ESS technologies include battery storage (Lithium-ion, sodium-sulfur), pumped hydro, and compressed air storage.
  • Applications for balancing renewable energy supply and demand.
  • Cost and infrastructure strategies for integrating storage in energy networks.

Future Challenges and Opportunities

  • Transition to renewable energy requires:
    • Policies supporting new technologies.
    • Development of infrastructure for charging and battery systems.
    • Community engagement and education on energy conservation.
  • The pathway to achieving energy sustainability involves synchronizing supply chain developments and manufacturing capabilities.