What does it mean that membranes are fluid? What happens if a membrane is not fluid enough or too fluid? What kinds of things can be added or subtracted from a cell membrane to make it more or less fluid? Are these things different in animal and plant cells? How does cholesterol work?
Cell Membrane Permeability (Chapter 3.3):
Membranes are semi-permeable. How does the chemistry of the lipid affect passive permeability? How do the types of proteins found in the membrane affect permeability?
Be able to rank how well molecules can diffuse through a membrane based on their chemistry.
Be able to predict the direction of osmosis of water when a cell is placed in a hypertonic vs. a hypotonic solution. Understand what isotonic means.
Understand what it means for a cell to undergo plasmolysis, crenation, or hemolysis?
Why is a watered plant turgid?
What two kinds of proteins facilitate membrane transport?
What is the difference between facilitated passive vs. active transport?
What is the difference between primary and secondary active transport?
What is the electrochemical gradient and how does it need to be taken into account during passive and active transport?
What is antiport and what is symport?
Cell Structure and Function (Chapter3)
What are the major features of a Prokaryotic Cell?
What are the major features of a Eukaryotic Cell?
What things are different between them? What things are similar?
What features are specific to a plant cell and are not found in an animal cell?
What are several purposes of the cytosketon of a eukaryotic cell? What are the three most predominate types of protein filaments found in the cytosketon? What kind of proteins are they made up of?
You should have a basic understanding of the structure and function of the following Eukaryotic organelles – Nucleus, Golgi, rough and smooth E.R., Mitochondria, Chloroplast, Vacuole, Lysosome, vacuole.
How may a Eukaryotic Cell have developed from an original prokaryotic cell? What is endosymbiosis?
What evidence is there that the chloroplast and mitochondria may have orginally been prokaryotic cells?
Protein Transport (Chapter 5.4)
What is an N-terminal protein localization signal?
If a protein doesn’t have an ER localization signal where is it translated?
If a protein has an ER N terminal localization signal where is it translated? What organelles or places might it eventually end up in?
What happens to a protein as it goes through the endomembrane system?
Be able to describe the pathway of a protein through the endomembrane system.
What is exocytosis and endocytosis?
How can exocytosis be controlled with Ca^{2+}
Be able to explain how a protein destined for the lysosome or outside of the cell gets to the outside of the cell? (ie the endomembrane system)
Cellular Respiration
Net chemical reaction for cellular respiration.
Oxidation vs. reduction.
Oxidized and reduced substances during cellular respiration.
Electron carriers.
ATP creation methods.
Four major steps: glycolysis, pyruvate dehydrogenation, citric acid cycle, electron transport.
Glycolysis: location, net reactants/products, enzyme count.
Electron carrier fate with and without oxygen.
Fermentation products and need.
Pyruvate dehydrogenation products.
Organic molecules broken down into acetyl CoA.
Citric acid cycle: location, net products.
Glycolysis and Citirc Acid cycle: carbon source.
Electron transport: location.
Proton pumping and H^+ gradient.
ATP synthetase mechanism.
Uncoupling electron transport and H^+ gradient with DNP.
Photosynthesis
Plant biomass source and carbon source.
Major overall reaction for photosynthesis.
Reduced and oxidized substances in photosynthesis.
Calvin cycle inputs, products, and location.
Fate of 3-carbon sugar exiting the Calvin cycle.
Light reaction products needed for the Calvin cycle.
Light capture by photosystems.
Photosystem locations.
Two photosystems, water splitting, proton gradient, NADPH production.