Respiration and Fermentation Study Notes

Reactants and Products: Substrates are reactant molecules that bind to the active site of an enzyme; products are formed from the breakdown of the substrate (such as choline and acetic acid).
Binding Site: A reactant that binds to an enzyme is a substrate, which attaches specifically to the active site.
Binding Capacity: Enzymes are capable of binding more than one substrate.

Energy Type in Food: Food represents chemical energy.
Primary Purpose of Food: Food is ultimately utilized to produce ATP.
Energy Potential: Lipids contain the highest energy potential among organic molecules, though energy is also derived from carbohydrates and proteins.
Energy Coupling: Food molecules store chemical energy to generate ATP in cellular respiration; ATP hydrolysis is coupled to energy-requiring cellular processes.

Aerobic vs. Anaerobic Respiration:
- Aerobic Respiration: Utilizes oxygen to break down glucose into $CO_2$ , water, and ATP.
- Anaerobic Respiration: Generates ATP from glucose or other nutrients without using oxygen, utilizing alternative electron acceptors.
Cellular Location: Respiration occurs in the cytoplasm/cytosol and mitochondria (specifically the mitochondrial matrix and membrane).
ATP Synthesis Enzyme: Synthase is the enzyme responsible for synthesizing ATP.
Stages of Aerobic Respiration:
1. Glycolysis
2. Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle)
3. Electron transport chain