C1 Introduction to Pharmacology

Page 1: Course Introduction

  • Course: UDDN2503 Basic Pharmacology / UDDD3224 Pharmacology

  • Instructor: Dr. Sit Nam Weng

  • Department: Allied Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman (UTAR), Malaysia.

Page 2: Course Content Overview

  • Content Topics:

    • The Sustainable Development Goals

    • Origins and antecedents of pharmacology

    • Terminology and drug nomenclature

  • Course Learning Outcome: Describe the action and fate of a drug in humans.

  • Reference Text: Katzung, B.G. and Vanderah, T.W. (2020). Basic and Clinical Pharmacology (15th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Education.

Page 3: Sustainable Development Definition

  • Definition: Sustainable development is meeting present needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet their own needs.

  • Core Elements for Achievement:

    • Economic growth

    • Social inclusion

    • Environmental protection

Page 4: Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

  • Key Goals:

    • No Poverty

    • Zero Hunger

    • Good Health and Well-Being

    • Quality Education

    • Gender Equality

    • Affordable and Clean Energy

    • Climate Action

    • Decent Work and Economic Growth

    • Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure

    • Reduced Inequalities

    • Sustainable Cities and Communities

    • Life Below Water

    • Life on Land

    • Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions

    • Partnerships for the Goals

  • More details can be found on the UN Sustainable Development website.

Page 5: Goal 3 Targets (Health)

  • 3.1: Reduce global maternal mortality ratio to <70 per 100,000 live births by 2030.

  • 3.2: End preventable deaths of newborns and children under 5, targeting neonatal mortality of <12 per 1,000 live births.

  • 3.3: End epidemics of communicable diseases (AIDS, TB, malaria, etc.) by 2030.

  • 3.4: Reduce premature mortality from non-communicable diseases by one-third.

  • 3.5: Strengthen substance abuse prevention and treatment.

Page 6: More Health Targets

  • 3.6: Halve global deaths/injuries from road traffic accidents by 2020.

  • 3.7: Ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive health services by 2030.

  • 3.8: Achieve universal health coverage, including access to essential medicines and vaccines.

  • 3.9: Substantially reduce deaths from pollution and hazardous chemicals by 2030.

Page 7: Health Financing and Research

  • 3.A: Strengthen WHO's Tobacco Control framework.

  • 3.B: Support development of vaccines/medicines for diseases affecting developing countries.

  • 3.C: Increase health financing and development of health workforce in developing nations.

  • 3.D: Increase capacity for national/global health risk management.

Page 8: Importance of Good Health and Well-Being

Page 9: Introduction to Pharmacology

  • Definition: Study of substances interacting with living systems through chemical action, especially via binding to regulatory molecules.

Page 10: Etymology of Pharmacology

  • Origin: Derived from Greek 'pharmakon' (magic charm) and suffix '-logy' (study of).

  • Interrelated with anatomy, physiology, chemistry, pathophysiology.

  • Challenges: Includes memorizing various drug names, interactions, side effects, mechanisms of action.

Page 11: Historical Development of Pharmacology

  • Timeline of pharmacology development from 3000 BC to present:

    • Early herbal remedies

    • Natural products and therapeutics

    • Emergence of chemical sciences

    • Growth of pharmaceutical industry and biopharmaceuticals.

Page 12: Terminology in Pharmacology

  • Molecular Pharmacology: Study of drugs at the molecular level.

  • Pharmacotherapy: Use of drugs to treat disease.

  • Pharmacognosy: Deriving medicines from natural sources.

  • Pharmacovigilance: Monitoring adverse drug effects.

Page 13: Advanced Terminology in Pharmacology

  • Pharmacogenetics: Studies genetic differences affecting drug metabolism.

  • Pharmacogenomics: Systematic identification of all human genes’ impact on drug response.

Page 14: More Terminology

  • Toxicology: Study of harmful effects of chemicals on biological systems.

  • Pharmaceutical Chemistry/Pharmaceutics: Focus on drug formulation and properties.

  • Pharmacy: Preparation, storage, dispensing of drugs.

Page 15: Intersection of Pharmacology with Other Disciplines

  • Visualization of pharmacology's relationship with other biomedical fields.

Page 16: Poisons and Toxins

  • Poisons: Harmful effects from substances; "the dose makes the poison" (Paracelsus).

  • Toxins: Biologically sourced poisons from plants, animals, or microorganisms.

Page 17: Drug Actions in Biological Systems

  • Definition of a Drug: Alters biological function via chemical action on receptors.

  • Types of Drugs: Endogenous (produced by the body) vs. exogenous (not made by the body).

Page 18: History and Language of Drugs

  • Word Origins: Dutch 'droge' (dried herbs), French 'drogue', Latin 'medicina'.

Page 19: Definitions of Medicine

  • Medicine: Administered for medicinal value as preventive, diagnostic, or therapeutic agent.

  • Interchangeable Terms: The term drug can refer to substances without therapeutic use.

Page 20: Medical Uses of Drugs

  • Preventive Use: Prevent occurrence of diseases (e.g., vaccines).

  • Diagnostic Use: Aid in procedures/tests (e.g., radiopaque agents).

  • Therapeutic Use: Control/improve symptoms and conditions (e.g., antibiotics).

Page 21: Proprietary and Generic Names

  • Proprietary Name: Brand name; can have multiple proprietary names.

  • Generic Name: Single internationally recognized name; no duplicates.

  • Chemical Name: Most accurate, describes the molecular structure.

Page 22: Nomenclature of Drugs

  • Common endings indicate pharmacological classification of drugs.

    • Examples include

      • -olol for beta-blockers (e.g., Propranolol)

      • -caine for local anesthetics (e.g., Cocaine)

      • -dipine for calcium channel blockers (e.g., Nifedipine).

Page 23: Physical Nature of Drugs

  • Forms: Solid (e.g., aspirin), liquid (e.g., nicotine), gaseous (e.g., nitrous oxide).

  • Molecular Weight: Majority range is between 100 and 1000.

Page 24: Drug-Receptor Interaction

  • Binding Types: Electrostatic, hydrogen, and hydrophobic bonds.

  • Selectivity: Drugs binding through weak bonds are generally more selective.

  • Covalent Bonds: Involved in certain drug mechanisms (e.g., antineoplastic agents).

Page 25: Chiral Drugs

  • Chirality: One enantiomer may be significantly more effective than its mirror image.

Page 26: Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetics

  • Pharmacodynamics: Actions of drugs on the body, mechanisms, indications, contraindications, adverse reactions.

  • Pharmacokinetics: The body's actions on the drug.

Page 27: Indications and Contraindications

  • Indication: Use of a drug for a particular disease (e.g., insulin for diabetes).

  • Contraindications: Situations where drug use is harmful.

    • Relative contraindication: Use caution.

    • Absolute contraindication: Potentially life-threatening.

Page 28: Potency and Efficacy

  • Potency: Strength of a drug at a certain concentration.

  • Efficacy: Drug's ability to produce intense response with increased concentration.

Page 29: Therapeutic Effects

  • Can target specific areas or organs; may have unintended effects.

  • Example: Clonidine used for hypertension also demonstrated anti-nasal congestion.

Page 30: Side Effects

  • Categories of side effects range from mild to severe.

  • No drug is entirely free from side effects; most drugs have at least one or two.

Page 31: Adverse Effects

  • Definition: Severe, often unanticipated reactions to drugs (Adverse Drug Reactions - ADR).

  • Polypharmacy Risks: Using 5 or more drugs increases chances of ADRs.

Page 32: Organ Toxicity from Adverse Effects

  • Common toxicities include:

    • Cardiotoxicity (e.g., Daunorubicin)

    • Hematopoietic toxicity (e.g., Chloramphenicol)

    • Hepatotoxicity, such as cholestatic jaundice from Erythromycin.

Page 33: Adverse Effect Statistics

  • USA: 1.5 million hospitalizations annually due to ADRs.

  • Europe: Median 3.5% hospital admissions due to ADRs.

Page 34: ADR Reporting Trends

  • Data on adverse drug reaction reports from 2015-2024.

Page 35: Pharmacology Question

  • Example Question: When using chloroquine and quinine for treatment, it represents:

    • (A) pharmacologic (B) therapeutic (C) preventive (D) diagnostic (E) prophylactic.