history

Abrahamic Religions

• -  Judaism

  • -  In 5000 BCE, in Middle East, Abraham started to spread Judaism

  • -  One of the only monotheistic religions at the time

  • -  Yaweh was their deity

• -  Christianity

  • -  Jesus Christ spread Christianity

    • -  Chrisitans believed that he was the deity in human form

    • -  Jews and Muslims believe he is just the main prophet

  • -  Starts in Israel around 1 CE and spreads very far

  • -  Was illegal to be Christian until Roman Emperor Constantine legalized it

  • -  God was their deity

• -  Islam

- Muhammed was the main prophet of Islam

- Claimed that god gave him the last pieces - Allah is their deity

• -  Judaism is the oldest Abrahamic religion

• -  Christianity is Judaism + new ideas

• -  Islam is Christianity + new ideas

  Islamic Caliphates

- Caliphate: A system of theocratic rule within numerous Islamic empires

- Theocracy: A government based on a religion

• -  Tasked with expanding territory held by Prophet Muhammed (Caliph)

• -  After Muhammed died there were two groups who wanted to be Caliph

  • -  Sunni: Believed Muhammed’s best friend should be caliph

  • -  Shia: Believed Muhammed’s cousin should be caliph

  • -  Still disputes about this today

• -  It was a caliphates duty to enforce Islamic holy law over their territories

- But Caliphates got the final say over their lands and their people so sometimes

rules differed
- Caliphate’s job wasn’t very secure, especially in the early centuries Ottoman Empire
- Originated from modern-day Turkey

- Anatolian Peninsula

• -  Sunni Muslims

• -  Only major caliphate that wasn’t Arab - Turkish

• -  They wanted to spread Islam to the rest of the world

• -  After Byzantine fell, Ottomans took over the Mediterranean and Black Sea trade route

• -  Biggest threat to them was the Mongolians and other Islamic empires rather than Europe

• -  Conquered Constantinople, Mecca, and Jerusalem

• -  Gunpowder was a huge advantage

  • -  Less expensive military

  • -  Very powerful (very few gunpowder countries)

  • -  Made militaries easier to replace

• -  Meritocracy

- Government officials are chosen based on skill, not dynasty

- Specific law codes (kanun)
- Balances sacred and secular law

• -  Religiously tolerant but encouraged Islam

• -  Converted leaders did not have to pay taxes (Jizya)

• -  Princes used to rule locally but stopped due to fratricide

• -  Janissaries were kidnapped conquered Christian boys trained to serve in the military Renaissance

• -  1400s-1600s

• -  Europe was in a bad state before Renaissance

  • -  Great Famine

  • -  Black Death

  • -  100 Year War

    • -  England vs. France for France land

    • -  Waste of time due to Black Death

    • -  Europe was very dangerous and they wanted to change this!

• -  The inspiration of the Renaissance came from Dante, an Italian poet, who wrote “The Divine Comedy”

  • -  About him going through the afterlife

  • -  Audience could relate to the story and wanted to feel that sort of emotion

• -  3 stages of afterlife

- - -

- Italy - -

Hell Paradise Purgatory

was made of city-states Catholic

Very powerful since they controlled trade routes - Traded with Ottomans

• -  Used this money to build more schools, improve buildings, and improve food

• -  Renaissance was inspired by the Greeks and the Romans

• -  Spanish invented the idea of novels

- First novel ever was Don Quixote
- First story to be written in prose instead of verse

- French invented a bunch of food and also specialized in architecture

- Palace of Versailles
- Many Greek and Roman statues

• -  The Louvre (originally a palace)

• -  Architecture was influenced by Romans

- English specialized in theater

- Shakespeare!

- A lot of music! Scientific Revolution

• -  Church controlled science

• -  Two rules

  • -  No contradicting Aristotle unless Bible says he’s wrong

  • -  NO CONTRADICTING THE BIBLE >:(

• -  But the Scientific Revolution changed this!

• -  Galileo

  • -  The first person to look at space through a telescope

  • -  Discovered that the space was made of celestial bodies

- Discovered Saturn’s rings and Jupiter’s moons

- Sir Isaac Newton

• -  English

• -  Went to Oxford

• -  Proved a widely approved Astrology book wrong using science

- He invented calculus to prove the book wrong - Invented Newtonian physics

- English invented the idea of immunization for smallpox
- Made a cut in the skin and spread the pus so they can be immunized from

smallpox

The Enlightenment

- How the Renaissance affected the mind

Immanuel Kant

- German ethicist
- Believed in deontology

• -  Deontology: whether something is good or bad is not based on motivation; an action is either always good or always bad

  • -  Universality: A world where everyone did a specific action. If you don’t like this world the action is bad.

  • -  Absolute Morality: You can decide is what you did is right or wrong

• -  Consequentialism: Whether something is good or bad depends on the motivation

  Voltaire

- Supported freedom of speech, freedom of religion, and freedom of press

• -  Freedom of speech: You can say whatever you want as long as it is not breaking any immediate laws

• -  Freedom of religion: You were allowed to follow whatever culture you wanted

• -  Freedom of press: You can read or write whatever you want

- Monarchy did not support it

- Believed in Deism (Thomas Jefferson also supported this)
- The god of the universe doesn’t interfere with society so there shouldn’t be any

religious laws

Thomas Hobbes

- Supported Absolutism
- Type of government in which there was a single ruler with absolute power.

- Believed that humans were selfish when in State of Nature

John Locke

• -  Hated Thomas Hobbes

• -  Believed men were born in tabula rasa or blank slate

• -  Very relevant to American government

• -  Believes men are born equal (this doesn’t include slaves)

- Except Jesus

• -  Natural Rights Doctrine: No matter who you are, you should be able to have 3 rights

  that no one can touch

  • -  Life - People are secure

  • -  Liberty - Everyone is equal

  • -  Property - You get to own what you work for

• -  Consent of the governed

• -  Hated absolute governments

• -  Separation of Power

  Baron Von Montesquieu

• -  Thing in common with Locke: Fear of one guy getting too much power

• -  Invented “Separation of Powers”

  - If a government has multiple different things it needs to handle, rather than having one absolute ruler manage all of those, divide the power between many people

• -  Ties in with “Checks:Balances”
  - Multiple different branches of government will need to approve something before

  it becomes official

• -  U.S. government is Montesquieu 101:

  • -  Separation of Powers: Three branches, many subbranches

  • -  Checks:Balances: If a single state wants to approve a law for that state, the

    Congress must approve it—and vice versa.

    Jean-Jaques Rousseau

• -  Very important

• -  Believed mankind was born good (mostly)

• -  Believes men are born free

• -  Strongly supported collaboration

• -  Wrote The Social Contract

  • -  When you join a society, you must make sacrifices of some of your rights for the greater good

  • -  Not an official document; it is just the act of agreeing to make the sacrifice mentioned above

• -  General will

  Reformation

- Catholic Church branched out - Mostly in Europe

- Pre-Reformation

• -  Roman Emperor Constantine legalized Catholicism by writing the Edict of Milan

• -  Doesn’t mean all versions of Christianity are allowed!

- Pope
- Election selection process

is the head of the Catholic Church

• -  Very powerful!

• -  People feared that if you defied the Pope, you may be sent to Hell

• -  Closest thing to god for Catholic Church

- Excommunication: Getting kicked out of the Catholic Church - You don’t get to go to heaven

• -  Church was WAY more powerful than government

• -  Sacraments: Several actions you have to do to be an official member of the Catholic

  Church

- Baptism: The process of being welcomed by the Church by washing your sins

away
- If the priest didn’t like you, he wouldn’t baptize you

• -  Confession: When you tell the priest all the sins you have done, the priest will forgive you and lift the burdens off your shoulder

• -  Communion: Relied on transubstantiation and the recreation of the Last Supper

  • -  Transubstantiation: Process performed in a church where the priest

    blesses bread and wine and then you eat it.

  • -  Last Supper: When Jesus ate his last supper and told his followers to

    keep spreading their religion

  • -  Must get communion to go to Heaven

• -  Last Rites: Before you die, you are given one last confession and communion Vernacular: A common language

- Before the Reformation, the Bible was not vernacular

- Only priests could understand it and they twisted the words and just made their own versions for their own advantage

Martin

• -  Harbinger of Reformation

• -  Germanic monk

• -  Devoted Catholic

• -  Became a priest and realized there were so many flaws in the Catholic Church

• -  Anti-semitic and had anger issues

• -  Church brought back indulgences

  • -  Indulgences: To make up for your sins, do a deed

    • -  Reduces your time in Purgatory

    • -  In this case, buy your deceased ancestors less time in Purgatory

  • -  Church needed money to build St. Peter’s Basilica

  • -  People thought that Jesus would like them donating money to the Church

  • -  The Church sold overpriced indulgences to get more money

- Pressured people into buying them and spending their life savings on them - Martin Luther hates the idea selling indulgences

• -  Never mentioned in the Bible

• -  Salvation of Faith Alone: Believes it is God’s decision if he wants to

  send you to Heaven

- 95 Theses: Martin Luther famously nailed 95 complaints about the Catholic Church to its

front door
- Still devoted Catholic, just wanted to change some rules

- Priesthood of All Believers: You don’t need a priest to do Confession; no need for a second person to talk to God

- Martin Luther strongly believed in this
- Salutations of Faith Alone: Only God can decide if you will be sent to Heaven

Denomination
- Denomination: Different interpretations of a religion

- Different denominations of Christianity were formed because everyone had access to Bible

• -  Two main denominations of Christianity

  • -  Catholic Church

  • -  Protestant Church

• -  Protestant Church is all forms of Christianity except Catholic

• -  Only Catholics follow the Pope

- All Protestant Churches were independent
- But the difference between both denominations are very trivial

Luther

- Lutheranism is simple
- Church does not have any power. Only God does.

- Calvinism is complicated
- Predestination: Your life was already set out by God before the world

was created; your destiny was already created by God before you were even born

- God knows—exactly—every—single—thing—that—will—ever— happen—to—every—single—person—to—ever—exist

Henry VIII

• -  English king in late 1400s

  • -  Well-respected

  • -  Came to power after huge civil war

  • -  Very Catholic

  • -  Marries Catherine of Aragon, aunt of Holy Roman Emperor (Charles V)

  • -  Have lots of kids but all male heirs die as infants

• -  Because of this, Henry wants to marry Anne Boleyn but she isn’t interested because he is already married

  • -  But Pope won’t give divorce because then Charles V (nephew of Catherine) will be mad

  • -  Charles V militarily and economically supports the Pope

• -  Henry gets mad and decides to make a new denomination called the Anglican Church

  • -  No pope in Anglican Church; monarch is in charge of the Anglican Church

  • -  Similar to Catholic Church but less Sacraments

    • -  Hates Pope more than Martin Luther

    • -  Believed that Catholic Church was becoming too political

  • -  Forces all of Britain to become Anglican

  • -  All Catholic land in Britain was taken away and Catholic Church’s money is

    confiscated

  • -  Catherine and her daughter Mary run away to France

• -  Anne Boleyn and Henry have a daughter, Elizabeth I

• -  Anne Boleyn is beheaded and Henry married Jane Seymour and gives birth to Edward VI

• -  Henry marries three more wives

- Edward becomes king at a young age so has a regent

- He dies and Mary comes to power
- Mary was extremely Catholic so converted England back

- She dies of disease and Elizabeth I comes to power
- Elizabeth I is extremely Anglican so converts England back again to Anglican Church Aztec Empire

• -  1345-1521

• -  They did not naturally decline, but we are not sure how they collapsed

• -  Based out of Mexico

- Mexico City is built upon the ruins of Aztec capital

• -  At that time, Mexico was made up of several city-states

  • -  Competed for resources, people, and much more

  • -  Top three city-states join forces and started conquering other city-states

• -  Tenochtitlan: Capital of Aztec Empire

  • -  Man-made island on lake in 1300s!

  • -  Stacks bunch of mud lol

• -  VERY religious and theocratic

• -  High King was the main priest

• -  Farmers were usually soldiers too

- Not paid to be soldiers

• -  Even if a merchant is richer than a noble, the noble is still more important

• -  Stratification: A social hierarchy and what functions they provide to the society

  Aztec Religion

- Very violent

- 4 main gods:
- Huitzilopochtli: God of War and Sun

- Main god

• -  Tlaloc: God of Rain

• -  Quetzalcóatl: God of Wind

• -  Tezcatlipoca: God of Destiny and Fortune

- Tlaltecuhtli sacrificed herself for the creation of the Earth

- Humans are only alive because a goddess sacrificed herself so they must sacrifice themselves; human sacrifice

• -  Aztlan: A paradise that the Aztecs can’t find because they think made mistakes and angered the gods

• -  A lot is unknown because the Spanish destroyed the ruins -_-

• -  Appeasement: When you give someone something they want to stop their behavior

- Aztecs sacrificed humans to please the gods
- Believed the gods interacted with them in society all the time

Aztec Military
- Powerful army

- Came with paint and very loud as an intimidation technique - Military was classified by animal characteristics

- If strong you are a jaguar, if fast you are a cheetah, etc...

• -  Conscription: Military drafting

• -  Aztecs were at war all the time and always expanding their empire

  - Good at making enemies
  - Needed protection
  - Had lots of slaves that they sacrificed - Took all their resources and treasure

  Sacrifice

• -  Thought of as honorable because it pleased the gods

  • -  Slaves, great warriors, and nobles were sacrificed

  • -  People competed for it

• -  Usually sacrificed heart and blood

  Incan Empire

- Western side of South America - Peru and Ecuador

• -  Ancestors of Norte Chico

• -  Culture was different because Andes Mountains was in the middle of their territory

• -  Incans didn’t have a written language

- Only enemies wrote about them so there was bias - Based in Cuzco

- Not good climate and rocky terrain

• -  Spread very quickly and very diverse

• -  Assimilation: Making everyone follow your culture

• -  If you weren’t Incan you weren’t treated properly

- Only Incan government

• -  Provided assistance to struggling areas

• -  Forced Relocation: Move people around to improve empire

- Frequently did this
- Awesome roads so efficient traveling

- In the mountains meaning very skilled in engineering - Very good records

- Artifacts

- Mathematical record

• -  Absolute government

  • -  Sapa Inca: The kings

  • -  Kings are mummified after death

• -  Incan sacrifices were much more humane than Aztecs

- Drugged them and froze them on a mountain Incan Religion

• -  Believed that they were the chosen ones of the gods like Aztecs

• -  Believe that Viracocha (one of main gods) made them

• -  Viracocha starts to worry that humans will take over the gods and forget about them

  • -  So he decided to bury them (not a lot of humans)

  • -  Inti (Sun Goddess) saves them

• -  So now humans worship Inti

• -  Used their religion to fill in the gaps of natural phenomenon that they couldn't explain

  Incan Technology

• -  Good at astronomy

• -  Skilled at architecture

• -  Limited farmland

- Used terrace farming due to mountainous terrain (steps)

Age of Discovery

• -  1450s-1700s

• -  In an effort to make or support empires, Europeans decide to conquer a bunch of land

• -  Mercantilism: System of economics that says that the power of a government is

  determined by the amount of money they have.

• -  Bullions: Basically gold and silver

• -  Mercantilism depends on trade surpluses and trade deficits

  • -  Trade surpluses: Sell more than you buy

  • -  Trade deficits: Buy more that you sell

• -  Maximum exports: Sell more

• -  Minimum imports: Buy less

• -  Empire and only export to colony

• -  Created colonies to have access to raw materials and resources without buying anything

  and because you can have very cheap labor

• -  Colony sends empire raw materials where it is made into manufactured goods

- These manufactured goods are bought by the colony citizens - 5 Key Principles of Mercantilism

1. Population (labor)
2. Monopolization of Industry (no competition)

- Monopoly: When a group or person has total control over a resource or a business

3. Trade Restrictions (Tariffs)
4. Zero-Sum Game Theory: There are limited/finite resource so whenever some

gets a resource, everyone else loses it 5. Precious metals are the best currency

• -  Rare but available

• -  Easily transported

  • -  Fiat Currency: Currency that has no actual value (America)

  • -  Commodity Currency: Currency that is valuable like precious

    metals

• -  Easily divided

• -  Durability over time

• -  Uniformity across the supply

• -  General acceptability

  Portugal (ex. of Age of Discovery)

• -  Prince Henry: Portugal prince who started the Age of Discovery for Portugal

• -  Prince Henry’s older brother controlled Portugal and its colonies

- Morocco, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, and Berbary Coast
- Ottomans were conquering their land because they wanted Africa’s abundant resources

too

- Portugal wanted to trade with them but Ottomans refused due to religious differences

• -  Portugal’s boats weren’t advanced enough to get to other parts of Africa

  • -  So they spend a lot of time on maritime technology

  • -  Prince Henry convinced his brother of this because they could have monopoly

    over sea technology

  • -  Improved their ships, sails, compasses, and created astrolabs (calculate exact

    latitude and longitude)

• -  Established the University of Lisbon

• -  Spain was jealous of Portugal’s advancement and the amount of money they were making

• -  Portugal started International Slave Trade

  • -  Sold over 8 million slaves and earned a lot of money

  • -  Not racially motivated

• -  Portugal colonized Brazil for sugar

  • -  Very harsh job and life expectancy rate was 6 months to 3 years

  • -  Abused and overworked

• -  First to establish trade routes to India

  Christopher Columbus

• -  Italian from Genoa

• -  Hired by Spanish to find trade route to Japan but failed

• -  Stupid but he kept saying he was smart

- No one liked him and he didn’t like people

• -  At this time, Portugal hasn’t found India yet

• -  He thinks it is easier going west than doing around Africa to get to Japan

- Everyone wants to go to Japan because that means China, Vietnam, and India

• -  Asked monarchs of Europe for support but was turned down by all of them

• -  Isabella and Ferdinand are monarchs of Spain

  • -  1492: Isabella and Ferdinand manage to unite Spain called the Reconquista

  • -  Now Spain has land and money

• -  Spain is jealous of Portugal so they agree to help Columbus

  • -  Spanish thought he wouldn't make it

  • -  Given 3 ships and lots of men

• -  In over a month, they find the Bahamas

• -  Then Europe finds America again

- He thought he found India
- Meets a native tribe called the Taino

• -  Stone Age civilization

• -  Columbus loves the Taino

• -  Not a lot known about Taino but we do know that women had a lot of authority

  there

• -  Columbus notices they have a lot of gold

• -  Becomes an absolute dictator and turns them all into slaves

  American Revolution

- England is late to exploring - Political instability

• -  Queen Elizabeth I begins exploring the eastern parts of what is today U.S. and Canada

• -  Queen Elizabeth I dies and James of Scotland comes to power

  • -  Ramp up their exploring (funded by private companies)

  • -  Jamestown: In 1607, the English establish their first permanent settlement in

    Virginia

• -  Jamestown is not successful for a long time because of swampy conditions

  • -  It took several years to make it successful

  • -  Instead of looking for gold and silver, they started focusing on growing tobacco

  • -  Cash Crop: A crop that makes a lot of money

  • -  Tobacco, indigo, and rice were cash crops

• -  English thought Virginia has endless land and land was inexpensive

• -  Plantation System: When you have a lot of land, you mostly grow cash crops on it

  • -  Created a plantation system

  • -  People who owned the land need help from involuntary labors

• -  Indentured Servitude: A contract where someone will work for someone else as a slave

  for some amount of time and then should be promised something as a payment

• -  Plantation systems were popular in southern colonies: Georgia, South and North

  Carolina, Virginia, and Maryland

• -  New England: Massachusettts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Connecticut

  • -  Founded by religious groups

  • -  Puritans: Major religious group that made everyone mad (Anglican)

    • -  They called themselves the Congregationalists, but everyone else referred to them by their nickname, “Puritans”.

    • -  Claimed that if you didn’t go to their church, you are not practicing Christianity correctly

    • -  Believed that England’s Anglican Church was too Catholic

    • -  King allows them to move the Massachusetts Bay

  • -  Boston was Massachusetts Bay’s most important city

• -  Climate and soil in New England wasn’t good enough to grow cash crops

• -  New England focused on manufacturing

  • -  Ships from wood in the forests

  • -  Hunted whales and used its oil for lanterns

• -  Middle colonies are very important and have a huge advantage

- Huge trading center due to maritime technology from the north and cash crops from the south

• -  Triangular Trade Route

  • -  Slaves replaced indentured servants

  • -  Slaves from Africa and Caribbean → colonies

  • -  Colonies produce raw materials → motherland

  • -  Motherland produces manufactured goods → colonies

• -  Salutary Neglect: A law that exists but was never really enforced

  • -  America develops with little influence from England

  • -  Taxation was never really enforced

- When British start enforcing they get mad

• -  Most people thought they weren’t English

• -  1754: Colonies are growing and each colony wants more land

- Dispute between ownership of land

• -  English “accidentally” create a problem

• -  English and France both want Ohio

  • -  7 Year War/French and Indian War: Fom 1754-1763, England vs. French and England’s enemies

  • -  England wins because France is broke

  • -  France gives up all of its territory in mainland North America for the Caribbean

  • -  Spain keeps to themselves in the west

• -  England needs money so they turn to taxes in colonies

  • -  The colonies aren’t happy...

  • -  Also previously French colonies weren’t happy that the British were taking over

    because they liked the French

• -  Natives resist the English

- Pontiac's Rebellion: Native rebelling for English to leave

- Proclamation Line: The Appalachian mountains to where the English retreat due to rebellion; couldn't pass it

• -  Americans believe that England is not in America’s good interests

• -  England reduce taxes but enforce it

- Americans not happy

• -  Acts: Basically ways to get more taxes

• -  The Americans feel like the British citizens get more rights than them

  • -  Taxes British citizens have a member of parliament representing them

  • -  Parliament: British congress

• -  Americans don’t have representatives so they don’t have say on these acts

- “No taxation without representation!”

• -  Stamp Act: A tax on paper products

• -  Admiralty Court: A court where you had no lawyer, jury or witness and tried by British

  judge, and guilty until proven innocent

  • -  American court

  • -  British had impartial jury, option of lawyer, and was innocent until proven guilty

  • -  Americans didn’t want to be loyal to the British if treated unfairly

• -  Slogan of the American Revolution was “Life, Liberty, and Pursuit of Happiness”

  Boston Massacre

• -  1770

• -  British Redcoats took away Bostinian’s jobs

  • -  5,000 people out of the 25,000 people were British Redcoats which made

    Americans mad

  • -  Martial Law: Government is shut down and military replaces them

  • -  Americans felt like they were under Martial Law

• -  Americans started harassing Redcoats with snowballs which later turned in rocks and clamshells

• -  Someone dropped a gun and it went off

  • -  Redcoats either thought they didn’t heard their commanding officer telling them

    to shoot OR they thought Bostinians started firing

  • -  Killed 5 people and injured many more

• -  Redcoats were put on trial and John Adams (2nd president) was their lawyer

  • -  He says the Redcoats were acting in self defense and they should have the same

    rights we are fighting for

  • -  Found not guilty

• -  Paul Revere: American artist and spread propaganda through his paintings that were very biased to the Americans

• -  Most people don’t want independence (too much work), they just want more rights

• -  Arsenal: A room stored with weapons

- Bostonians had one just outside of Boston

- British find out and try to take it before Americans can use it

• -  Militia: A group of citizen soldiers

  • -  Militia finds out about the British and get very mad

  • -  Battles of Lexington and Concord: Confront British on bridge and someone

    fires (not sure who) and that is the start of the American Revolution

• -  American Revolution (1775- April 1776): Ends in Declaration of Independence

- Finish Declaration of Independence on July 4th 1776 - Says that they want to separate from England

French Revolution

• -  In 1600s, France expands empire to overseas

  • -  Quebec, Canada for fur (monopoly)

  • -  All of Mississippi River to Louisiana

  • -  This is called New France

  • -  Haiti for sugar

• -  But, back in France things aren’t going very well

  Louis XIV

• -  Part of Bourbon royal family

• -  Inherits throne at 4 and reins for 72 years

• -  Divine Right: God wanted him to be in charge; if you question the king, you are

  questioning God

- Louis believed this

- Age of Absolutism: Monarchs used absolutism and justified through Divine Right - Louis transformed French to absolute monarchy

- Collected all divided power and put it all under monarchy

• -  Feudal system loses its main purpose under Louis so nobility were kind of useless

  • -  Nobility paid for most of the stuff for government so they didn’t pay taxes

  • -  Now, they were doing nothing and free of taxes

• -  Everyone else has to pay even more taxes

  • -  Nobles aren’t paying their taxes

  • -  France is in debt due to Reformation (religious wars) and other wars

  • -  Taxes were extremely high and they were taxes for EVERYTHING

• -  Estates System:

• -  King was on top

• -  Clergy: Anyone who works for the Catholic Church

  • -  Not taxed

  • -  Most money and land

  • -  VERY powerful

• -  Nobility

  • -  Doesn’t necessarily mean that they are powerful at this time

  • -  Had privileges and were arrogant

• -  Everyone else

  • -  Large Middle Class

  • -  Large Working Class

  • -  Large Poor Class

  • -  80% of France and diverse

  • -  People paying taxes

• -  Ancien Regime: Government before French Revolution

• -  King Louis XVI was a mediocre king

- Cared for his people

• -  So many problems

  • -  Debt and famine

  • -  Civil Unrest: People of France were becoming unhappy because of taxes and

    lack of rights

• -  Alexis de Tocqueville: Author who wrote famously about the revolution

  • -  Tocqueville Effect: Revolutions only happen in countries that are improving, not countries that are getting worse

  • -  Countries that are declining don’t have time for revolutions

  • -  Countries that are improving start asking questions like

- Precedent: Why wasn’t it always this way?

- Noticing Abused Rights: What about the rest of the rights that we don’t have?

- Censorship: Restricting what people read and wrote
- Louis the 16th gets rid of this which allows anti-Ancien Regime ideas to spread

quickly
- France helps America with their revolution

- But that just makes things worse for France’s economy

• -  1780s: Louis turns to increasing taxes

  • -  Not just commoners, but everyone!

  • -  But to do this, he must change the laws which is not in his hands

• -  Estates General: French version of congress

  • -  Louis calls the Estates General for the first time in a VERY long time

  • -  Representatives are sent from each estate

- Voted by each estate
- Not fair because 3rd estate had way more people so less

representation

• -  3rd Estate was mad because other two estates had way too much power

• -  1st Estate and 2nd Estate are mad at monarchs because they have too

  much power

• -  Robespierre: Very educated person who was representative for 3rd Estate

• -  Salons: Where people go to discuss the present news

• -  Nothing getting done at Estates General

- 3rd Estate was getting tired of this and leaves the Estates General

• -  National Assembly: 3rd Estate’s legislative group

  • -  King Louis XVI is forced to support them because of their popularity (avoid riots)

  • -  Actually hates them

• -  Sans-Culottes: 3rd Estate citizens who are protesting for change France’s government

• -  Radical: People who believe in an idea VERY strongly

  • -  France was getting radicalized

  • -  Lots of Sans-Culottes

• -  “Foreign Plot”: Neighboring countries are all absolute monarchies and they are worried

  that their people would be encouraged by the French

• -  The people want just want more power (don’t want to destroy the government)

• -  On July 14, 1789, the riots are getting out hand

  • -  Louis sends extra military defense

  • -  Sans-Culottes thought they were under attack so they decided to go to Bastille to

    get to their arsenal

  • -  Bastille: A very feared prison used for traitors and people the monarchy doesn’t

    like

- Represented the oppression of the monarchy

- After Louis it became a warehouse

• -  Bastille Day: July 14, 1789 and the official start of the French Revolution

• -  The French people get more power and everyone is peaceful

- But King Louis is actually very mad

• -  King needs to overthrow the revolution and asks the Holy Roman Emperor to invade

  France

  • -  But a lot of people were motivated to fight for their reformed country and protect

    their rights

  • -  French beats them!

• -  Slogan of the French Revolution is “Liberty, equality, and fraternity!”

- Their goal

• -  The National Assembly divides into three parts

  • -  Mountain: Wants to get rid of Louis

  • -  Girondin: The National Assembly gets most of the power (majority)

  • -  Monarchists: Wanted even split between National Assembly and monarch

  • -  Louis pretends to support them even though he hates it

• -  Louis feels unsafe in France

- He decided to run away from Paris

• -  Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen (DOROMAC): Made by the National Assembly

  • -  Based on Rousseau's ideas

  • -  Louis pretends to support it

• -  Louis is on home arrest

  • -  Dresses up as a farmer with his family in his 3 sparkling carriages and 25 suitcases

  • -  He leaves a letter about how he hates the National Assembly

  • -  People obviously got suspicious

• -  He plans on meeting Holy Roman Emperor outside of France and taking over French

  Revolution

  • -  Reach Varennes and stop at a hotel room

  • -  People get suspicious

  • -  Flight at Varennes: King Louis is arrested at Varennes by a judge (sheriff?) who

    recognizes him from one of the parties the king hosted

• -  When he returns to Paris, no one treats him like a king

- Normal citizen

• -  1st French Republic: France gets rid of the monarchy and establishes a republic

• -  King Louis is put on trial and charged for treason (death sentence)

- All people are equal and death is equal
- Joseph Guillotin suggested that they find a more human and equal way to execute

people

- Guillotine: A device that beheads people and is a symbol of equality - King Louis the 16th is executed along with his wife Marie Antoinette

- French Monarchy is destroyed....for now

• -  Jacobins: A political salon that was the most radical of the National Assembly

• -  Robespierre was the leader of the Mountain and the Jacobins,

  • -  St. Louis Just was big supporter of Jacobins

  • -  Jean-Paul Marat was a newspaper journalist and spread the ideas of Jacobins

    through his articles

• -  People who did not support what they did to King Louis was accused of treason and

  beheaded

• -  Committee of Public Safety: They shaped France with revolutionary ideas (Rousseau’s

  ideas) and around 12 Jacobins members

  • -  Robespierre was leader

  • -  Closed down all churches and made the Notre Dame a temple to France

  • -  Changed the name of some months that related to Julius Caesar (emperor)

• -  Supported women’s rights

  • -  Could own property and businesses

  • -  Could divorce

  • -  Could vote for sometime

• -  Created the metric system

• -  Abolished slavery

• -  Tried to erase any trace of the monarchy

• -  If you oppose New France...TREASON

  Most reforms were temporary

- Reign of Terror: A period of time where France beheads a LOT of people (12 months)

- BRUTAL (someone guillotined every 20 minutes)
- When you get death sentenced, then you became a non-citizen, and then you are killed

- Killing a citizen of France was inhumane
- Robespierre becomes crazy and starts accusing Jacobins of treason

- Everyone turns on him and St. Just and arrests them - People clap for 15 minutes after Robespierre is guillotined Latin America

• -  Latin America: All the places the Spanish took over in the Americas

• -  Conquistadors: Spanish soldiers who conquered territory for Spain and Incans

- Took over Aztecs and Incans

• -  Advanced technology

• -  European diseases like smallpox

• -  Aztecs and Incans were in a civil war or just came from a civil war

• -  Conquistadors had three purposes: Gold, glory, and god

• -  Hernan Cortes: Leads the conquest for the Aztecs

🥲

- Francisco Pizzaro: Leads the conquest for Incans

• -  Holds king (Atalnualpa) hostage for high ransom

• -  Everyone dies and the Spanish took all the riches

• -  Bartolome de Las Cases accompanied him and wanted a peaceful transfer of

  religion and kept good records Encomienda System

• -  Encomienda System: Social hierarchy of Spain controlling Latin America

  • -  Very specific ranks, unequal, and underdeveloped

  • -  Enslaved Persons

    • -  Slave life span was 6 months to 3 years and no rights

    • -  Abused religion and used to justify why they should stay slaves

  • -  Native American Indians

    • -  No rights and very poor

    • -  Treated badly

  • -  Mestizos (Mulattoes)

    • -  Born of any mix of and three races and no rights

    • -  Treated badly but not as much as Native American Indians

  • -  Creoles

    • -  Pure Spanish blood but born in Latin America and had much better life

    • -  Had power and money and mostly worked in government

  • -  Peninsulares

    • -  From Spain and had best life

    • -  Conquistadors and didn’t stay for long

• -  Haciendas: Farms

  Napoleon Bonaparte

• -  Very terrifying

• -  Born on island of Corsica

- Grew up in a noble family that wasn’t high ranking

- Intelligent and ambitious man

• -  Goes to military school

  • -  Specialized in artillery (cannons)

  • -  Amazing at military strategy

• -  2nd best general in the world after Hannibal

• -  Constantly bullied at school

• -  He starts his career as Robespierre’s military support

  • -  Put down protest and riots

  • -  After Robespierre fell, Napoleon is almost guillotined

  • -  Doesn’t get much work after

• -  He starts working in logistics (wasting his talent)

• -  Directory: 5 people who split power of government ruling France

  • -  Still kind of corrupt government

  • -  Didn’t do a good job

  • -  Won more battles though

• -  Directory calls Napoleon after several years

• -  Has a plan for the three biggest enemies of France

1. Holy Roman Empire (HRE): Overestimates them and sends their strongest soldiers

- Biggest threat since they have ruled for a very long time 2. Prussia: Sends pretty good soldiers

- Has the most trouble with them because both armies had same amount of soldiers

3. Italy: Napoleon was in charge of this army
- Would be difficult but didn’t require the best generals

• -  HRE and Prussia wars

  • -  Stagnation: Nothing is getting done

  • -  Pyrrhic Victory: A victory that is too great of a cost to be worth it

• -  Napoleon is winning battles against Italy

  • -  Chivalrous vs. Total War: Chivalrous war is pre-planned like a chess game

    using formations while total war is flipping the chess board and saying there are

    no limits!

  • -  Used total war because he was good at war strategy

• -  Napoleon is seen as an amazing general and a hero of France

- Won 90% of battles

• -  Cult of Personality: Take all the good traits, exaggerate them, and make up stories personifying them

  • -  Often crafted by leaders themselves or their advisors

  • -  Propaganda where they create a version of someone who represent a movement

• -  People follow the fiction version of Napoleon Bonaparte

• -  Ended period of instability for France

• -  In 1803, Napoleon says the Directory is doing a bad job and elects himself as First

  Consul

- Can stop any decision that the Directory makes and can make his own laws

- Dictatorship

• -  Napoleonic Code: Set of laws made by Napoleon

  - Some part of code fight discrimination (anti semitism) - Restrictive for women
  - Louisiana still uses this code even today :O
  - Brings back slavery

  HAITI

• -  French colony even before French revolution

• -  EXTREMELY important to France; lots of money

  • -  Sugar (40 % of Europe’s sugar)

  • -  Coffee (60% of Europe’s sugar)

• -  90% of the St. Dominique population are African slaves

  Haitian Social Stratification

• -  Grand Blancs: They are in charge!

  • -  Very small group

  • -  Most of them live in France

  • -  Own the plantations and make all the money

  • -  They sell the sugar and coffee to the other Europeans

• -  Petit Blancs: They run the plantations

  • -  They are French

  • -  Supervisors so they don't do any work

• -  Freed Africans: Very little of them

  • -  Don’t live very long due to their slave-work

  • -  Had extremely small farms

• -  Slaves: Treat like farm equipment

  • -  HORRIBLE working conditions

  • -  Afraid to revolt

  • -  Life expectancy was 6 months to 2 years

  • -  Africans

• -  Rumors that King Louis XVI is going to free the slaves

• -  Also heard rumors of revolution, DOROMAC, and everything else going on in France

• -  Slaves get excited about their freedom (social equality)

• -  The Petit Blancs thought that can now afford slaves like Grand Blancs (economic

  equality)

• -  Petit Blancs blamed everything on the slaves

Haitian Revolution Part 1
- In 1791, rivalries between Petit Blancs and slaves become bloody

- Slaves are helped by England and Spain because if slaves stop working for French, French will go broke (for war)

• -  French free slaves and make them citizens yayay

• -  Paid for their jobs

• -  Toussaint Louverture is the leader

  Haitian Revolution Part 2

• -  In 1803, Napoleon brings back slavery

• -  Slaves now fight for independent (not only freedom)

• -  African citizens start killing French soldiers

• -  Other countries avoid because they don’t want to support independence for colonies

• -  War is extremely messy (a lot of casualties)

• -  Haiti gain independence

• -  France really needed Haiti for money, so instead they asked for heavy reparations

  • -  Reparations: Payment made for damaged causes after a crisis

  • -  Haiti only paid it off in 1990! Napoleon Bonaparte CONT’D

• -  1st French Empire: Napoleon announces that the French Revolution is over and becomes French Emperor

• -  Basically doubles the size of France

  • -  Takes over HRE

  • -  Biggest rival is England

• -  Decided to make England go bankrupt

  • -  England depends on trade

  • -  Continental System: Napoleon orders all of Europe not to trade with England

  • -  Embargo: When you aren’t allowed to trade with someone

• -  Russia doesn’t want to follow the Continental System because they depended on it

• -  Napoleon decides to make an example out of the Russian empire

- Grand Armee: Largest army ever seen by Europe consisting of 650 thousand soldiers (mostly French) to stop Russia

• -  Invasion is successful at the beginning

• -  Fabian Strategy: Military strategy created by Quintus Fabius Maximus (Roman general)

  who beat Hannibal

  • -  Keep retreating until opponent loses supplies

  • -  Opponent gets cocky because of retreating and when they make a mistake, attack!

• -  Scorched-Earth: If you find anything that your opponent can use against you.. BURN IT

• -  Grand Armee took over Moscow but it was burnt down!

• -  Grand Armee retreated with 30,000 soldiers out of the 650,000!

• -  Coalition: A union of countries

- Many countries form a coalition against Napoleon because of Grand Armee

- Napoleon surrenders and is exiled to Elba (island)

• -  French is ruled by Louis the 18th (Louis the 16th’s brother)

  - English appointed him as constitutional monarch

  - Constitutional Monarch: A monarch that have very clear limits on their power

• -  Most French still loved Napoleon so they brought him back

- When Napoleon comes back, Louis runs away

• -  He makes an army from the leftovers of the Grand Armee that is not very good

• -  Battle of Waterloo: Another coalition fight Napoleon for the last time

- Napoleon is exiled in St. Helena and dies of stomach cancer

Industrialization

• -  Industry: Using technology to produce something

• -  Technology makes everything faster

  • -  Cotton gin (industrializes cotton)

  • -  Sewing machines (industrializes clothes)

• -  Industrialization takes time (baby steps)

- Wagon with horse → wagon on tracks → wagon on tracks with air power → faster air power → trains

Adam Smith

• -  Father of modern economics

  • -  Economics: How you use resources and how to gain from it

  • -  Wrote a huge book: Wealth of Nations that says that mercantilism is useless

• -  He sets the base of Capitalism

• -  Capital: Anything that you have that can help you be productive (make money)

- Capitalism loves capital; you must maximize capital

• -  Industrialization plays a big role in making capital

• -  John Rockerfeller was the richest American

- Machines need oil and he had a monopoly over oil

• -  Stuff was cheap and accessible

• -  Urbanization: The growth of cities

  • -  People started moving to urban cities because there are a lot of jobs there

  • -  Important because increases industrialization

• -  For a long time there were no labor rule

- Child labor, long work hours, and 30,000 deaths!

• -  Upton Sinclair would go to dangerous factories and write a book, The Jungle, about the

  horrible labor laws

• -  Mass Production: Maximize how many products you make

• -  Most factory workers were immigrants and were VERY underpaid

• -  Wage gap: Difference between highest wage and lowest wage

- Women were only paid 60% of what men got and children were paid 40% of what men got

- Karl Marx was an opponent of Capitalism

• -  He doesn’t support bad labor conditions

• -  He believes workers should be in charge

• -  HE DID NOT INVENT COMMUNISM

• -  Believes that everyone should contribute to the community and you get

  everything you need from there

- Give what you can, get what you need

• -  Bourgeoise: People who owned land and factories

• -  Proletariats: People who work for Bourgeoise

• -  Marx believed that power should be taken from Bourgeoise and given to the Proletariats

• -  State Public Ownership: State owns the economy

• -  “Means of Production”: Who gets money and who owns the money? New Imperialism

• -  Imperialism: When a country colonizes colonies

• -  New Imperialism: Specifically referred to Asia and Africa being colonized by Europe

• -  1870s-1950s

• -  New Imperialism had a big effect on the world today

• -  Nasty business

  • -  Got all of China addicted to drugs to sell things to them

  • -  War crimes in South Africa White Man’s Burden

• -  English biologist

• -  Didn’t support Imperialism but people used his ideas of evolution to justify it

• -  When he was sent by British to go to Galapagos, he realizes that over the course of

  millions years, everything evolves

• -  Survival of the Fittest: Organisms that have best abilities and characteristics to survive,

  compete, and reproduce

• -  Social Darwinism: Survival of the fittest applies to humans and society so you could do

  horrible things to people because you are more “evolved”

- Darwin hated it

• -  Rudyard Kipling: He lived in India where he thought that India was a step behind England

• -  Wrote poem “White Man’s Burden”

  • -  White people have the burden of finding other societies and teach them how to be

    civilized

  • -  Anywhere that is not America or Europe is living wrong

• -  Social Darwinism also led to racism and sexism

Nationalism
- Patriotism: Pride in one’s country (national anthem)

- It is reasonable to be a patriot of your country

• -  Nationalism: Your pride is so extreme that you would fight, kill, and die for your country

  (KKK)

  • -  Very extreme and leads to disaster!

  • -  All that matters is the glory and success of your country

  • -  White Man’s Burden

• -  External Nationalism: Making an image for your country that looks awesome to the rest of the world

  • -  Symbols (flag, Statue of Liberty, Queen)

  • -  Bad and controversial images are erased (like censorship or propaganda)

• -  Internal Nationalism: How one takes pride in themselves for contributing to their

  country

- Without me, the country would be a little worse

- External nationalism + internal nationalism = DANGER Crimea (ex. of nationalism)

- Still disputed territory between Ukraine and Russia (religion)
- Ottomans (Islam), French (Catholic), Russia (Russian Orthodox)

• -  Jerusalem is Ottoman territory but they let others come to worship

• -  By 1850s, Ottomans are on their last legs and are called “Sick Man of Europe”

- Countries are watching very closely, ready to invade (France and Russia) - Nationalism and resources

• -  Russia and Ottomans aren’t on good terms and they go to war

  • -  France supports Ottomans for obvious reasons :D (and later England too)

  • -  Fighting in Crimea Peninsula

• -  Nationalism was a huge reason for this war Unification of Germany (ex. of nationalism)

- Otto von Bismarck was a diplomat and very intelligent political thinker - Diplomat: Ambassador that represents their government

- Realpolitik Weltpolitik: Reality politics (politics of reality) and world politics (politics of world)

- Realpolitik: Don’t make decisions until you know it will work in favor of you - You must have an ulterior motive

- Weltpolitik: When the world is very interconnected, only do things that you are positive will help you country

- Bismarck wanted to unify Germany and he wasn’t the only one

• -  But all places are very different because of centuries of division

• -  He able to convince some people, but some people were against it

- Authoritarian: Kind of like a dictatorship

- Militaristic: 18-45 year olds all doing something related to war
- Bismarck understands so he tries to bring out similarity in culture like the Grimm

brothers Napoleon III

• -  French and nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte

• -  1815-1830: France is under Bourbon monarch (not very popular)

- Charles X tries to take more power that he is given and is overthrown - French elects a king into power

- Louis Phillipe: Reigns 1830-1848 but then the French decide no more monarchs!

• -  2nd French Republic

  • -  Have an election and Napoleon III runs for president

  • -  Platform was “I am Napoleon’s nephew” and won by a landslide

  • -  “Make France Great Again !!”

• -  2nd French Empire: After a year, he declared himself emperor

• -  Other countries are worried that Napoleon III would be just a great as his uncle and

  conquer a lot of land

- French and Germany are not on good terms because Napoleon took down the

HRE which contained Germanic tribes
- Bismarck realizes that to unify Germany the must have a common enemy: Napoleon III

- Find a way to make France attack Germany Hohenzollern Candidature

• -  Spain fires their Queen, Isabel I, and must find a new monarch

• -  Everyone starts nominating candidates that would help their country (nationalism)

• -  Bismarck nominates a Prussian, Prince Albert Hohenzollern

- France doesn’t like this because if he wins, then France will be surrounded by Germany

- Franco Prussian War (1870-1871): France tries to invade Germany and Bismarck’s plan works

• -  Germans are mad and French only gets 5 miles in

• -  In 6 months French army is destroyed and Paris is surrounded The Five Great Powers of Europe

- Five Great Powers:
- United Kingdom (Navy, trade, empire size, but not good army)

- Enjoyed splendid isolation

• -  France (Center of culture and where everything was going on)

• -  Germany (Awesome army that used to be France’s thing)

• -  Austria-Hungary (Diversity which makes it culturally rich place)

  • -  Split power between Austria and Hungarians

  • -  Each ethnic group had a different idea of nationalism for their country

• -  Russia (Big army but bad, bad government, but lots of land)

• -  Congress of Vienna (1815): Peace talks after Napoleon Bonaparte was defeated

• -  Balance of Power: Cannot let one country get too strong to avoid what happened with

  Napoleon

• -  Balance of Power gets thrown off once Germany is unified

  Scramble for Africa

• -  Belgium, UK, France, Germany, Italy, Portugal and Spain each stole part of Africa for

  resources

• -  European countries pursuing more land to increase access to raw materials

  • -  Industrialization caused this because needed more materials

  • -  Caused racism and was justified by White Man’s Burden and Social Darwinism

• -  Berlin Conference (1884-1885): All European countries came together to divide Africa

  and give land to each country - Weltpolitik

- Pretty peaceful

• -  King Leopold II of Belgium sent Henry Stanely to claim the land and his advisors

  exploited Congo

  • -  Wanted the Congo for rubber

  • -  Claimed he was going to make Conco “BETTER” so not only did Europeans give

    him Belgium but made it his property

• -  The Congo Genocide (a.k.a Rubber Terror): King Leopold brutally and cruelly abuses

  the Congo people

  • -  Genocide: A mass murdering that is caused due to religion or an ethnic group

  • -  50% of Congo population dies

• -  Congo makes billions out of the Congo

• -  Leopold made some of the local citizens in charge of running the plantations

  • -  Force Publique: The citizens that were enforcing the laws (police)

  • -  Did this so the abused would blame the supervisors, not him

• -  Quotas: A minimum amount of time you need to work

- The Belgians said that is they didn’t reach their quotas (ridiculous) they would be punished

- Brutally abused them Meiji Restoration

• -  Tokugawa Shogunate was ruling but the Samurai class started to rebel against them in 1850s

  • -  Military dictatorship

  • -  Many rebellions

• -  Emperor Meiji takes over and Japan becomes more open-minded towards foreign

  technology and other cultures, styles of governments, and stuff from the outside world

  • -  Brings Japon out of isolation

  • -  Industrialization and nationalism

• -  Nationalism was a combination of Japanese native culture and Western ideas

  • -  Encourages patriotism and national unity

  • -  Try to compete with Great Powers

• -  Japan starts colonizing after Meiji Restoration The 2nd Boer War

• -  A lot of gold in Boer republics

  • -  Boers are from Dutch heritage

  • -  British came to visit a lot

  • -  Very bad concentration camps

• -  British driven by nationalism and tries to invade the Boers

• -  After a decade of war, Boers lost and British take over South Africa

• -  Many Boers were imprisoned

  Spanish-American War

• -  United States was not a Great Power for a long time

• -  1860-1865: American Civil War

• -  After Civil War, America improves their industry

- Very fast industrialization

• -  Nationalist (no immigrants, etc.)

• -  America becomes very powerful

• -  Manifest Destiny: America’s culture and political ideas are so superior that they must

  spread it

  • -  White Man’s Burden

  • -  Think they are super awesome because they have economic proof

• -  In 1890, run out of territory to expand (49 states except Hawaii)

- Other empires are more convincing at conquering territory

- Start looking at Cuba who is oppressed by Spain
- Claimed they wanted to help them gain independence from Spain but they

actually wanted to spread influence

• -  Yellow Journalism: When the media spreads news that is more dramatic and interesting

  than accurate

  • -  Propaganda

  • -  William Randolph Hearst was a journalist and gained A LOT of money from

    Yellow Journalism

• -  To help with negotiations in Cuba

  • -  Over-exaggerated the relationship between Cuba and Spanish and people believed it

  • -  The U.S. Navy was in Cuba as a mediator

• -  While there, the U.S.S Maine (ship) blows up because of improperly stored gunpowder

  and coal

- Yellow Journalism over-exaggerates this saying it was Spain’s fault

• -  American wanted revenge!

  • -  “Remember the Maine, to hell with Spain!”

  • -  Americans and Spanish go to war and Americans win by landslide

• -  Treaty of Paris: Officially ends the war concluded in Americans getting a lot of Spanish territories and colonies

  • -  Puerto Rico and Philippines

  • -  Don’t get Cuba but they have a Sphere of Influence on them

  • -  Sphere of Influence: Not directly controlling a country but having A LOT of

    influence on it Panama Canal

- Americans and Europeans wanted a canal dug out in Panama to help with transporting trade become A LOT faster

- But it would take a lot of money, a lot of time, and was very dangerous

• -  At the time, Panama was part of Columbia and they didn’t want to bring a lot of attention

  to themselves because then America and Europe would be interested in colonizing them

• -  Gunship Diplomacy: When you negotiate for something but you have your military

  standing near by as intimidation

• -  Theodore Roosevelt (U.S. president) used gunship diplomacy (brought his navy)

- From then on, America has had a sphere of influence on Panama Great White Fleet

- Europe was very interconnected
- Countries flexed by bringing their militaries when meeting other countries

- America did this too and created the Great White Fleet
- Ships were very nationalistic and was highly decorated with white, red, and blue

- Countries would flex at their rivals too
- Japan was a rival of America because they wanted the land they Americans one

from the Spanish-American War

World War I

MANIA
- Cause of WW1

• -  M - Militarism

  • -  Everyone was competing for having the biggest, strongest, and most deadly

    military

  • -  Technology was advancing way to quickly for militaries to adopt and strategies

    weren’t good enough

  • -  France lost 20,000 soldiers on the first day of war

• -  A - Alliances

  • -  Alliances leading into WW1 were HUGE messes

  • -  Always has a side with 3 powers (winning) and other side has 2 powers (losing)

• -  N - Nationalism

- U.K., France, Russia, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy, U.S., and the Ottomans

• -  Thought they were the ebay

• -  Very hostile with enemies

- I - Imperialism

- Fought for the same colonies - A - Assassinations

- Assassination >:O
- Everything that happened after WW1 was because of WW1

Alliances

• -  Germany had one rule: never be on the losing side (2 powers)

• -  France and German will also never be on the same side because of Franco-Prussian War

• -  League of the Three Emperors: Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Russia alliance

• -  Balkans: Southeastern Europe (Serbia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and Moldova territory)

• -  Ottomans had control of Balkans but in 1900s they become independent and a target

- Austrians want it but Russia want Balkans to stay independent

• -  Russians and Balkans both come from Slavics so Russia treats Balkans like a little

  brother

• -  Due to Balkans, League of the Three Emperors broke off

  • -  Germany sides with Austria-Hungary

  • -  France bribes Russia to be their friend (skill issue) Leaders of WW1

- Wilhelm II: King of Germany

• -  Fires Bismarck (not useful :<)

• -  Kind of crazy

- Felt like no one was taking Germany seriously

- Only unified 20 years ago so they are wittle wittle babies

• -  Didn’t have a good childhood

  • -  Obsessed with militaries but couldn’t serve because his arm was deformed

  • -  Didn’t like being underestimated

• -  Not easy to ally with but Nicholas II was his bestie

• -  Nicholas II: The Czar of Russia

  • -  Last czar of Russia

  • -  Him and his wife had a good relationship and his wife was German

  • -  Tragic figure

• -  Nicholas was a mediocre monarch when Russia needed an amazing one

  • -  Believed in divine power, but Russia wanted democracy

  • -  Nicholas was more interested in his family than leading his country

- Russia was falling apart!

• -  Russia is falling behind in industrialization and very non-progressive

• -  Russians are questioning the government, not Nicholas because of divine power

- Czar doesn’t understand why everyone is so unhappy
- So he decides to unify their country through war - He finds enemy in Japan

• -  But Japan is industrializing very fast

  • -  Czar thinks he will win because of White Man’s Burden (racism)

  • -  Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905): Japan wins easily which is embarrassing for

    Russia

• -  Revolution of 1905: The Russian think it's time for a change

  • -  Allow for basic civil rights

    • -  Freedom of Speech

    • -  Freedom of Press

    • -  Freedom of Assembly

  • -  Duma: Congress of Russia

    • -  Finally allowed to meet but didn’t have a lot of power

    • -  Couldn’t pass laws but the could suggest them

• -  Nicholas thought that the Duma were his hypemen

• -  Monarchists: Always sided with Nicholas

• -  Conservatives: Czar should have majority of the power

• -  Social Revolutionaries: The people should have majority of the power

• -  Social Democrats: The people have all the power and the Czar is just a symbol

• -  Mensheviks and the Bolsheviks are very important social democrat groups because the replace the Czar

• -  Social Revolutionaries are majority of the Duma which conflicts with Nicholas’s power so he disbands 1st Duma

• -  Has a second election but now majority is Social Democrats so he disbands 2nd Duma

• -  Has a third election and now majority is Conservatives but he isn’t satisfied so he

  disbands 3rd Duma

• -  Has a fourth election and majority is Monarchists because no one else is voting

• -  Workers’ Council: Social Democrats and Social Revolutionaries who meet up to try and

  make small changed for Russia

  • -  Brought industrial workers together to fight for more rights and empowered the

    working class

  • -  Called the Soviets

- Vladimir Lenin: One of the main Soviet thinkers

- Franz Ferdinand: Next in line to be Emperor of Austria-Hungary

• -  Franz Joseph: Emperor of A-H and was very loved but old dude

• -  No one liked Ferdinand because he was grumpy

• -  Franz loved his wife but no one else did because she wasn’t high ranking

- Wasn’t allowed to be seen in public with him

• -  In June 1914, he was visiting Sarajevo (farthest part of A-H empire)

  • -  Serbia isn’t happy that Austrian emperor was visiting their nextdoor neighbor

  • -  Worried that Franz came here to take over Serbia

• -  Black Hand: Group of spies and assassin who wanted to help Serbia

- Don’t know is they worked for government
- Young Bosnia: A very nationalistic group in Bosnia

- Young adults (17-21) and most of them had tuberculosis

- Hired to kill Ferdinand by Black Hand

• -  Gavrilo Princip: A 19-year-old who was part of the Young Bosnia

• -  June 28, 1914: Sophie (wife) and Franz come to watch the parade

• -  Black Hand gives cyanide to the Young Bosnians to use to suicide if they are caught

• -  1st assassin chickens out

• -  2nd assassin tries to throw a bomb at him but he deflects it

  • -  Rolls to the car behind him but no one dies

  • -  Ferdinand is FURIOUS

• -  Decides to leave Sarajevo and goes to visit injured (or at least tries)

- Driver doesn’t understand German so he goes on the regular route instead of hospital

• -  The reach a deli which Gavrilo Princip is just leaving

  • -  Unguarded, Ferdinand’s car stops working and Gavrilo shoots three bullets

  • -  Gavrilo shoots 3 pistons: one at the car, one in Sophie’s stomach, and one in

    Franz’s neck

• -  Both are dead by the afternoon and Gavrilo is arrested but not executed because he is a

  minor

• -  In 32 days, everyone except 3 countries are at war

Start of War

• -  People didn’t expect anything to escalate but Austria wanted REVENGE

• -  Ultimatum: You tell someone to do something or else there will be consequences

  • -  Austria creates huge one for Serbia that is impossible for Serbia to do but if they don’t do it, it will result in war

  • -  Many of the orders would make Serbia a colony

- Austria wouldn’t look like the bad guy this way

• -  Serbia turns to Russia for help because Serbia is Balkan territory

• -  Mobilization: To gather up the military

  - Russia mobilizes its military to Austria but its takes a lot of time because it is still under-industrialized

• -  A-H gets nervous and turns to Germany
  - Blank Check: You have unlimited support from a country
  - Germany offers a blank check ONLY is Russia joins the war - Germany asks Russia to stop mobilizing but Russia refuses

• -  Russia gets nervous and turn to France

- France gladly helps because they want revenge of Germany

• -  Germany tells France they won’t attack if they give their military at the border until the war ends but France refuses

• -  They both ask U.K. but they decline and why their splendid isolation

• -  July 28: Ultimatum expires

- Serbia ← Austria ← Russia ← Germany ← France

• -  Germany has a Two-Front War

  • -  France on one side and Russia on the other

  • -  Schlieffen Plan: Russia will take sometime to mobilize so overwhelm and beat

    France and then beat Russia

    • -  Almost works

    • -  Time crunch

    • -  Border with France was well defended so it would be slow

• -  So Germany takes over Belgium (neutral) and takes France by surprise

• -  Treaty of London: If Belgium is a neutral country and someone invades them, U.K. will

  declare war on them

- U.K. joins the war

America Involvement

• -  U-Boat: Basically a submarine that shoots torpedoes invented by Germans

  • -  Extremely dangerous because they are underwater so you don’t know where they are and you can’t beat them

  • -  English are worried German will sink their Navy

• -  Unrestricted Sub Warfare: If you find a ship that may benefit their opponent sink it

• -  R.M.S. Lusitania: An English-Ireland ship that “wasn’t for the war” was sunk by a

  U-boat

  • -  Around 1,000 civilians died and 128 of them were Americans

  • -  Upsets Americans but they don’t get involved

• -  Americans threaten Germany with war and say “Stop sinking our stuff!”

- Restricted Sub Warfare: If you find a boat you want to sink, you must notify

them and let them leave
- Literally defeats the the purpose so they stop using U-Boats

- Arthur Zimmerman: An important ambassador for Germany - People are running low on supply and soldiers

• -  Zimmerman says they should bring back unrestricted sub warfare

  • -  But he doesn’t want America to get involved

  • -  He thought he could kick out England by sinking their Navy

• -  Reaches out to Mexico because they don’t have a good relationship with America

• -  Zimmerman’s Telegram: If U.S. declares war on Germany, Mexico should invade

  America

• -  England spies on America and finds out about the telegram (telegram is sent through

  America’s lines)

  • -  Decide to tell America even though they were spying on them

  • -  America gets involved in WW1

    Russia

• -  Russia has to drop out of the war

- Russian soldiers started deserting because they were losing so badly

- In March, 1917, Nicholas steps down from throne because everyone wants a new leader

- Provisional Government: A temporary government led after that - Alexander Karensky is in charge

• -  The people wanted the war to end, more rights, and more food

• -  Provisional Government didn’t change ENOUGH

- Didn’t end war and did have enough support

• -  Vladimir Lenin promises the Russian “Peace, Bread, and Land”

• -  Lenin comes to power through a civil war

• -  Soviet Union: Lenin’s government

  • -  Not a fun place to live

  • -  Dictatorship

  • -  Lenin’s supporters vs. everyone else

• -  Some Bolsheviks take Nicholas and his family and shoot them

- Bolsheviks: Followers of the Soviet Union and Lenin

- U.S.S.R: Union of Soviet Socialist Republics - Dictatorship and lack of rights

• -  Did have some progress at the start

  • -  Women has a lot of rights for the first 6 years

  • -  End the war!

• -  Joseph Stalin (1926): Successor of Vladimir Lenin

  • -  Horrible person

  • -  Paranoid, aggressive, and murderous tyrant

• -  When you disagree with him, you go to prison

• -  Gulag: Network of prisons

• -  Industrialized Russia

• -  Russia becomes an absolutely brutal dictatorship

  Result of WW1

- November 11, 1918: The fighting stops

- The negotiations still need to happen, but it is clear Germans lost
- Treaty of Versailles: A peace treaty between the allies and specifically Germany

- Lots of reparations (money) to France and U.K. - Still broke

- Demilitarization: They had to reduce their army - Gave navy to U.K. and planes to France

- Lost territory
- Has to give back Alsace-Lorraine which they won during Franco-Prussian

War
- War Guilt: Claiming that the war was their fault

• -  Paris Peace Conference: All the countries coming together to end the war and make sure this doesn’t happen again

  • -  Russia wasn’t invited because they dropped out early

  • -  All the treaties (including Treaty of Versailles) were made here

• -  Didn’t listen to the colonies

- Ho Chi Minh (future first North Vietnam president) came to ask for Vietnam’s independence but they said no

- Losers didn’t get any say in the treaty
- Some people thought this was bullyism (Hitler)

- Big 4: Italy, French, Germany, and U.K.

• -  Lead Paris Peace Conference and claimed that they wanted everyone to be

  included

• -  But U.K., French, and America were calling all the shots

- Many countries didn’t get what they wanted

• -  America went into this very idealistically

  • -  Created The Fourteen Points that would make peace

  • -  But, Woodrow Wilson for very sick and France took over the peace-talk

  • -  France focused on getting revenge on Germany

• -  The Fourteen Points: Peace reform that could restore peace forever

  • -  These points were basically impossible

  • -  Largely ignored

• -  League of Nations: Addressed international problems and tried to find diplomatic solutions rather than using force

- Included in The Fourteen Points
- America didn’t join though because Congress didn’t approve

• -  Mostly U.K. and France

• -  Very weak because countries ignored it

  Interwar Period

  Fascism

• -  Benito Mussolini: Very important Italian who thought Italy didn’t get enough from

  WW1

• -  Fascism: There must be one ABSOLUTE leader who rules as a dictator, promising to

  restore a country’s glory

  • -  Made by Mussolini

  • -  Involved a lot of extremely strict rules that is based on Roman culture

  • -  Only used when country is in a bad state

1. Disdain for Human Rights: You must trust you leader and NO QUESTIONING THEM

2. Extremely Sexist: They thought women are just designed to make children

3. Fraudulent Election: If you lost, the election was rigged and must be held again

4. Obsession with Crime and Punishment: They “fight” crime and punish them severely

• -  People want someone who is against crime and would do anything to prevent it

• -  Lots of fascists create crime and then claim that they can fix it

5. Identification of Enemies/Scapegoat: When they have a problem, they blame it on

   someone else to show who their enemies are

   • -  #4 and #5 go hand in hand

   • -  Jingoism: Foreign policies that are based on and involve violence

6. Religion and Government: They belong because god says so

- They could say this because the Pope supported them

7. Labor Power is Suppressed: Workers have no rights because of CAPITALISM

8. Disdain for Intellectuals and the Arts: No one should be smart because then they

   would start questioning the government and might expose it through art

Nazism (German Fascism)

- Adolf Hitler: Leader of the Nazis
- Thought Germans were biologically better than everyone else

• -  Hitler didn’t found the the Nazis but he created Nazism

• -  Nazism: Fascism for Germans but a little more

- Believed in Übermensch (superior people) and Untermensch (inferior people) - Untermensch are seen as lower than the lowest animals; scum

- Also called the Nationalist Socialist German Workers Party (N.S.D.A.P.) Adolf Hitler

- Klara and Alois met each other and got married in Austria where they had baby Hitler

• -  Alois was a government worker and Clara was a nurse

• -  Klara pampered Hitler while Alois was mentally and physically abusive

- Alois wanted Hitler to become a government worker while Hitler wanted to become a priest

• -  August was his only friend

• -  Had an obsession over opera but he couldn’t sing

• -  Hitler was horrible at school but he thought he was better than all the teachers

- High school dropout
- A VERY demanding child and have strong opinions

- He didn’t like it when people contradicted him

• -  Hitler becomes an orphan at 19

• -  He decide to move to Vienna to pursue art school

  • -  Decent at art and August come with him to become a musician

  • -  Hitler gets rejected TWICE

• -  He lives on the streets and tries to sell paintings and postcards

- Spends most of his money on opera tickets

• -  He realizes how diverse Austria is and doesn’t like it

• -  Right before WW1 he moved to Bavaria (South Germany) in a city called Munich

• -  When he hears Germany is entering WW1 is gets very excited

• -  A chance to prove that Germany is the best

• -  Wants to “purify” Germany from other ethnic groups (racist)

• -  Drafted into Austrian military at first, but failed the physical test (maybe purposefully?)

• -  After that, he joins the German military

  • -  He wins two iron crosses!

  • -  Did extremely well in message carrying which was a hard job

  • -  Highly decorated officer lol

• -  During WW1 he didn’t seem anti semitic (anti-Jewish)

  • -  But very pro-Germany (nationalistic)

  • -  Very pro-war (militaristic)

• -  At the end of the war he gets injured and is sent to a hospital

- He heard that Germany was surrendering and he was VERY upset about it

- Stabbed in the Back Theory: Germany’s army was still intact so the only reason they would surrender is if someone betrayed them: the Jews

- Hitler thought that the Jews were taking control of politics - For a long time, Jews were disliked by Christianity

1. People say that Jews killed Jesus (inaccurate)

2. Usury: Lending money with interest

   • -  Christians didn’t believe in usury but the Jews were okay with it

   • -  Jews were often associated with banking

- Because of this, they were seen as greedy and corrupt

• -  This theory made Hitler hate the Jews

  • -  He believes that he may not be able to help Germany on the battlefield but he can help in the government

  • -  He gets involved in politics

• -  Weimar Republic: The new government thats takes over Germany after WW1 and is

  based in Weimar which is in West Germany

- Very progressive

- Women could vote and divorce

• -  Very artistic

• -  People could open say that they were gay

• -  Very different from the Empire

• -  Weimar Republic has

  • -  Reichstag: The congress

  • -  Chancellor: Made the everyday decisions (second-in-command)

  • -  President: Controls long term plans

• -  Hitler is hired by the military to keep on eye on other political parties

• -  German Workers’ Party (D.A.P.): A small party that Hitler didn’t find very impressive

  at first

- Hitler is sent to spy on them

• -  Very small and unorganized

• -  Anton Drexler: The founder of the D.A.P. and Hitler’s mentor

• -  Believe in fascism and hate the Untermensch

- Hitler joins the D.A.P. and becomes their spokesperson - This makes him very famous in Bavaria

- They change their name to National Socialist German Workers’ Party (N.S.D.A.P.) - Aka. the Nazis

• -  Believed that all Germans should believe in the same thing: Hate Jews, Love Hitler

• -  In November 1923, Hitler decides to rise up and overthrow Bavaria’s government

  • -  Weimar is really struggling and there is hyperinflation

  • -  Putsch: Violent attempt to overthrow government

  • -  Beer Hall Putsch: Takes a bunch of Bavarian officials and holds them hostage in

    a beer hall and then gets caught by the police

  • -  Hitler is arrested and tried

• -  Hitler uses trial as an opportunity to spread Nazism which interests judge

- Because of this, the judge only sentences Hitler with 1 year

• -  Joseph Goebbels: Spreads Hitler’s propaganda and convinces a lot of people

• -  Hitler writes a really bad book with his Nazi advisor and secretary, Rudolph Hess, in jail

• -  Hitler gets out of jail and everything goes back to normal

- But no one would listen to his ideas

• -  Great Depression (1930s): When many countries' economies were about to be destroyed

  • -  Affected Germany a LOT

  • -  Nazis become really popular because they are making the Germans feel good

    • -  Blame everyone that is not German

    • -  They agree that Germany will be great again under the rule of the Nazis

• -  In 1933, majority of the Reichstaf seats believed in or supported Nazism

- But Hitler was never president of Germany
- Hindenburg (president) agreed to make Hitler chancellor

- People thought Hitler wouldn’t go through with his racist promises and thought he wouldn’t be a danger because people will make sure he wouldn't abuse his power

• -  In late 1933, the Reichstag building catches on fire (not associated with any parties) and Nazis blame next powerful party, the Communists

• -  Enabling Act: The Nazis change the chancellor into a dictator due to all the commotion

• -  Hindenburg dies a year later and Hitler become the undisputed leader of Germany Statism (Japan Fascism)

• -  Meiji Restoration (1868-1912): Japan abandons isolation and focuses on industrialization

• -  Statism: Fascism and undying loyalty to their emperor

- INSANE level of nationalism

- Emperor Hirohito: Emperor of Japan during WW2

• -  Japan was a military dictatorship

• -  They wanted to compete with the 5 Powers

- Japan didn't have enough resources

• -  Colonies and imperialism

• -  Japan invades China

- So violent that Nazis say they are going too far (THAT SAYS A LOT)

World War II

• -  Two major fights happening

  • -  Nazis vs. Soviet Union - Atlantic (Europe)

  • -  China vs. Japan - Pacific (Asia)

• -  September 1, 1939: WW2 starts

• -  Hitler is in full control of Germany even before the war

- Austria willingly joins and conquers Czechoslovakia

• -  Hitler has clear intentions of taking over the Soviet Union and vice versa

• -  So the most sensible thing they do is become allies even though they hate each other

• -  Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact: The Nazis and Soviet will invade Poland and split in half

  • -  Both planning on turning on each other

  • -  Poland had become a country during the Paris Peace Conference

• -  Blitzkrieg: The Nazi’s war style which is just rapid fire

  • -  No more trenches and much quicker

  • -  Gave the soldiers drugs (meth) so they can fight for a whole week without sleep

• -  Lebensraum: The German people need more land to thrive

- So they will take over Poland with Soviets, then Western Europe, and then Soviets

• -  Wehrmacht: Hitler’s military

• -  Hitler wants to either kill or enslave everyone else

• -  Operation Barbarossa: In June 1941, Hitler launches an attack on the Soviets

  • -  Biggest land invasion to this day

  • -  Almost successful (lack of resources and Soviet resistance)

  • -  14 million civilians died!

• -  Soviet prisoners of Germany were treated horribly by the Nazis

- Prisoner’s family was kidnapped and executed most likely by the Soviets

• -  The Wehrmacht was spread too thin

• -  Once Operation Barbarossa failed, Russians pushed Nazis back to Germany (1942-1945) Holocaust

- Happened before, during, and after Operation Barbarossa
- Death camps were only created during the Operation to speed up the genocide

- Killed 6 million Jews (2⁄3 of Jews in Europe)
- Also mass murdered Russians, Polish people, physically and mentally

handicapped people, and the LGBTQ+ community
- Many of them were worked to death in concentration camps if they were useful

- Auschwitz is a very famous death camp Atlantic WW2

- America doesn’t really care
- But supplied weapons for U.K. and they don’t like Nazis

• -  Japan wants Philippines (American colony) which makes things tense between them

• -  There are two reasons why America gets involved

1. Embargo: No more trading with Japan
- Japan get mad because they need oil for fighting against China

2. Preemptive Strikes: Before Japan invades the Philippines, they need to destroy most of the U.S. Navy to keep them away from Philippines

• -  Bomb Pearl Harbor (Hawaii) and kill 2400 people on December 7, 1941

• -  America declares war on Japan the next day but Japan takes over

  Philippines

• -  America vs. Japan and Germany

• -  Tehran Conference (1944): The Big 3 meet in Iran to discuss WW2 matters

  • -  Stalin, Franklin Roosevelt, and Winston Churchill (U.K.)

  • -  Operation Overlord: Russia will fight on one side and American and U.K on the

    other

• -  Normandy: Northern France where Nazis have control

  - D-Day: When Normandy is taken over by America

  - America sets base in Normandy to fight Nazis

• -  Race to Berlin between America and Soviets

  - America doesn’t want Stalin to take a lot of land (spread of communism)
  - America doesn’t like the Soviets because of communism and doesn’t want them

  to gain allies

• -  Soviets get to Berlin first

• -  Battle of Berlin: In spring 1945, Soviets wins against the Nazis and Hitler kills himself

• -  Germany is divided into two

  • -  East half for Soviets

  • -  West half for Western allies (mostly America)

  • -  Berlin is also halved (west for America, east for Soviets)

Pacific WW2
- Japan was invading China but it was unsuccessful
- America wanted to get close to Japan (via Hawaii) and then either bomb them or invade

them
- Operation Downfall: Invade surrounding islands of Japan and then invade or bomb them - Island Hopping: Taking over an island its surrounding island to get closer to another

island
- Kamikazee: Pilots picked to fill their planes with bombs so that they can crash into

battleships (intimidation tactic)
- Suicidal mission (statism) and most pilots were young men

- Fighting gets REALLY messy
- Manhattan Project: Very top secret U.S. project that finished in 1945

- Nuclear weapon named Trinity (first draft)
- Decide to nuke Japan as intimidation
- Little Boy: Carried the nuclear bomb that hit Hiroshima

- 280,000 people killed (mostly civilians) - Japan still didn’t surrender

• -  So America bombs Nagasaki (FAT MAN) ._.

• -  They miss but still do a lot of damage

  Cold War

• -  1945-1990

• -  America vs. Soviets

• -  Long disagreement

  • -  Democracy vs. dictatorship

  • -  Capitalism vs. communism

• -  A lot of countries were involved (allies)

• -  1st World: America and their allies

- Japan, Western Germany, U.K... - 2nd World: Soviets and their allies

- China, North Korea, Cuba...

• -  3rd World: Countries that are neutral

• -  America and Soviets competed in EVERYTHING

- Technology, space, sports

• -  Proxy War “Conflict”: Indirectly hurting your main opponent by damaging their allies

  • -  America helped South Korea and Soviets helped North Korea

  • -  Soviets tried invading Afghanistan and America helped Afghanistan

• -  Soviets have no intention of freeing the land they got from the Race to Berlin

• -  Europe is split into two

  • -  The Western Nation: Democratic American allies

  • -  Eastern Bloc: Sphere of influence by Soviets Soviet Leaders and American Presidents During Cold War

    Stalin

• -  Clever but paranoid

• -  Both countries are very secretive... What is their next move?

• -  Brutal and barbaric but Russia was developing fast

• -  Five-Year Plan: Set an absurdly high goal

  • -  If you don’t reach it, Stalin mad

  • -  Ex: Stalin would give his police a list of people that he wanted killed BY

    TOMORROW

- Aka midnight knocks

Nikita Khruschev
- Brinkmanship: Soviet have nukes so Khrushchev threatens countries with them

whenever they have a problem Berlin Airlift

• -  Berlin is in Soviet territory

• -  Half of Berlin likes America and other half likes Soviets

• -  It was kind of awkward because Berlin was in East Germany

- Soviets think Americans may be spying on them while going to Berlin - Soviets need to kick the Americans out!

- If they threaten them with guns that would mean war
- In 1948, they blockade the border between West and East Germany

- How will Americans give the Berlin citizens resources?

• -  So America flies over the blockade

• -  Eventually Stalin end the blockade

• -  This shows the Cold War tensions

  Berlin Wall

• -  In 1961, Soviet civilians are mad

  • -  Living in the Soviet Union sucks

  • -  West Berlin has a much higher standard of

    living than East Berlin

• -  People were moving from East Berlin to West Berlin

• -  So Khruschev builds a wall!

• -  So they divide West and East Berlin

- Impossible to go to other side Korean War

- Korean Civil War between North and South
- Proxy war between America and Soviets

• -  United Nations (1940s): Every major country have a few ambassadors that join the UN

  • -  Final draft of League of Nations

  • -  Each country provides funding

• -  Security Council: Oversees the whole of UN and make the final decisions

  • -  America, U.K., France, Nationalist China, and Soviet Union

  • -  If one of these 5 countries say no to a decision it doesn’t happen

- Nothing gets done because Russia vetoes them and vice versa - In 1948, China becomes communist under Mao Ze Dong

- Previous leaders fled to Taiwan and became Nationalist China

• -  Sungman Rhee: South Korean leader at the time

• -  Kim Il-Sung: North Korean leader at the tie

• -  After WW2, Korea becomes independent from Japan

- North Korea likes Soviets and Communist China
- Soviets think North Korea is a dead weight

• -  South Korea likes America

• -  In 1950, North Korea attacks South Korea and South Korea loses a lot of land

- South Korea asks for UN’s help
- UN sends an army and kicks North Korea’s butt but given instruction to not push too far

- China might think that UN (America) is declaring war on them

• -  Douglas MacArthur: Supreme Commander of UN army

  • -  Pretty famous from WW2 and a complete jerkface

  • -  Wants to invade China and pushes far too north

• -  Communist China is still rebuilding so now it is the time to strike!

  • -  Asks president for 30 hydrogen bombs (1,000 times stronger than Hiroshima nuke)

  • -  Wants to bomb China out of existence

• -  Truman rejects idea and fires MacArthur

- Truman is seen as an enemy and MacArthur is seen as an even bigger hero - China sends troops to protect border

- Stalemate so borders don’t change

• -  Armistice: Fighting has stopped but haven’t negotiated yet

• -  38th Parallel DMZ: Border between South Korea and North Korea

- DMZ is the building Civil Rights Movements

• -  America wants to show that their people aren’t oppressed like in Russia

• -  Civil Right Movements: Series of movements where Americans who were oppressed

  fought for equality

- 1940s to present day

• -  Sexism was an important one

• -  In Cold War era women were only meant to be wives or mothers

- Women started fighting for their rights

• -  Gender Norms: What is considered normal behavior for a gender

• -  Men shouldn’t control what women can wear

• -  Women shouldn’t have to wear makeup

• -  Women should be able to have jobs

- Wage Gap: Women were paid less

• -  Equal Rights Amendment (ERA): Going to be a constitutional amendment that says

  discrimination is illegal but it wasn’t passed

• -  Phylis Schlafly: A woman against ERA

  1. Removed biological right for women to have as many children as they want...

  2. Apparently woman secretly likes to stay at home and be taken cared of by men

• -  In 1973, Roe v. Wade happened >:O

• -  Jane Roe is a pseudonym for safety purposes

• -  Jane sued Texas for outlawing abortion which is what she wanted

• -  Body Autonomy: Only you get to decide what to do you with your body

• -  Turns into Supreme Court Case and abortion become legal

• -  In 2022, Roe v. Wade was overturned -_- (STUPID AHH OUR COUNTRY)

• -  LGBTQ+ Civil Rights was also really important

  • -  Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, etc...

  • -  Very oppressed throughout history

• -  Considered a mental illness to be gay until 1970s so they were forced to hide sexuality

• -  Alan Turing: Did a HUGE part in helping the British with WW2 but he was gay

  • -  No one respected him at all

  • -  Instead they sterilized half of his brain and he committed suicide

• -  Oscar Wilde: Hilarious and amazing playwright but he was gay

- Threw him in jail and forced him to do harsh slave labor

• -  In 1960s, people start opening up their sexuality

• -  Harvey Milk: First gay man to get elected as a San Francisco City Council Member

- Assassinated by Dan White, another City Council Member

• -  Being gay is only legalized in 2003

• -  Gay marriage is only legalized in 2015

• -  Immigration Civil Rights

• -  In 1965, Asians could move to America

• -  Nativism: Only true Americans were American who were already there

  - Anti-immigration Nuclear Weapon

- No one wins a nuclear war
- If someone nukes a country, they will nuke them back

• -  Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD): If you nuke a country, they can nuke you too and you could wipe out life

• -  So Russia cannot nuke America and vice versa Maoism

• -  Utopian Socialist: Someone who wants a socialist society but doesn’t do anything about it

• -  In a socialist society there is no class, no government, and no currency

- Everyone gets equal abundance

• -  Armed Insurgencies: Revolts on people who oppressed the working class (except Mao)

• -  Mass Line: Support for a new group or idea that comes from an average citizen

- Grassroots: A politician taking support from the average citizens
- Cultural Revolution: If you find a person who is anti-communist or anti-New China”

• -  Always look out for those groups and ideas

• -  Wanted to destroy the Great Wall of China because it was built during a dynasty