Pharmacology Lecture Flashcards

Name: James Bennett
Allergies: Clopidogrel
Medical Diagnoses and Past Medical History (PMH):
- Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)
- Heart Failure (HF)
- Hypertension (HTN)
- Stents

Class: Non-salicylate
Mechanism of Action (MOA): Blocks prostaglandins in the Central Nervous System (CNS) to alleviate pain and reduce fever.
Side Effects (SE):
- Stevens-Johnson Syndrome
- Hepatotoxicity
Nursing Considerations (NC):
- Maximum dosage: $2-3\,g$ for patients with renal or liver impairment.
- Monitor liver function tests.
Reversal Agent: Acetylcysteine
Note: Used for temperature (Temp) management.

Class: Salicylate
Mechanism of Action (MOA): Makes platelets less sticky to prevent the formation of clots.
Side Effects (SE):
- Gastrointestinal (GI) upset
- Bleeding
- Tinnitus
- Ototoxicity
- Nephrotoxicity
- Reye’s Syndrome (specifically in children)
Nursing Considerations (NC):
- Monitor for signs of bruising and bleeding.
- Monitor kidney function.
Reversal Agent: No specific reversals available.

Class: Xa inhibitor
Mechanism of Action (MOA): Inhibits Factor Xa.
Side Effects (SE):
- Bleeding
- Bruising
Nursing Considerations (NC):
- No Intramuscular (IM) injections.
- Use an electric razor.
- Use a soft toothbrush.
- Follow bleeding precautions.
- Monitor laboratory values: activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (aPTT) and Platelets.
Reversal Agent: Protamine Sulfate

Class: Beta Blocker
Mechanism of Action (MOA): Blocks Beta-1 receptors in the heart.
Side Effects (SE):
- Hypotension
- Bradycardia
- Sedative effects
- Can mask signs of hypoglycemia
Nursing Considerations (NC):
- Do not stop medication abruptly.
- Monitor Blood Pressure (BP) and Heart Rate (HR).
Reversal Agent: Glucagon

Class: Loop diuretic
Mechanism of Action (MOA): Inhibits Sodium ( $Na$ ) reabsorption in the Loop of Henle.
Side Effects (SE):
- Hypokalemia
- Hyponatremia
- Hypovolemia
- Hypotension
- Ototoxicity and Nephrotoxicity
Nursing Considerations (NC):
- Monitor kidney function.
- Monitor Potassium ( $K^+$ ) levels.
- Monitor Blood Pressure (BP).
- Monitor Intake and Output ( $I\&O$ ).
- Monitor Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN).
- Assess for tinnitus (ringing in the ears).
Reversal Agent: No reversal available.

Name: Jenny Rowell
Allergies:
- Morphine
- Escitalopram
- Olanzapine
Medical Diagnoses and Past Medical History (PMH):
- Diabetes Mellitus Type II
- Atrial Fibrillation (AFIB)
- Stents
- Angina

Class: Rapid-acting pancreatic hormone
Mechanism of Action (MOA): Promotes glucose uptake in skeletal muscle cells.
Side Effects (SE):
- Hypoglycemia
- Hypokalemia
- Lipodystrophy
- Somogyi Effect
Nursing Considerations (NC):
- Treat glucose levels and monitor blood glucose within the appropriate timeframe.
- Rotate injection sites.
Reversal Agent: Glucose or Glucagon

Class: Cardiac glycoside
Mechanism of Action (MOA): Increases myocardial contractility.
Side Effects (SE):
- Bradycardia
- Hypotension
- Hyperkalemia
- Digoxin toxicity (symptoms include vision changes and anorexia)
Nursing Considerations (NC):
- Monitor Digoxin levels.
- Monitor apical Heart Rate (HR).
- Monitor Potassium ( $K^+$ ) levels.
Reversal Agent: Digibind / Digifab

Class: HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor
Mechanism of Action (MOA): Reduces cholesterol production in the liver.
Side Effects (SE):
- Myopathy
- Hepatotoxicity
- Rhabdomyolysis
Nursing Considerations (NC):
- Monitor liver function ( $fx$ ).
- Monitor for dark urine.
- Take at Hour of Sleep (HS).
- Avoid grapefruit juice and alcohol.
Reversal Agent: No reversal available.

Class: Vitamin K antagonist
Mechanism of Action (MOA): Blocks Vitamin K, affecting blood viscosity.
Laboratory Monitoring (INR):
- Normal: $< 1.1$
- Therapeutic: $2-3$
- Critical: $> 4$
Side Effects (SE):
- Bleeding
- Bruising
Nursing Considerations (NC):
- Monitor for signs of bleeding and bruising.
- Ensure consistent intake of dark leafy greens.
- Monitor Platelets, International Normalized Ratio (INR), and Hemoglobin/Hematocrit (H&H).
Reversal Agent: Vitamin K