WW1, WW2, Communism, and Canadian History

History Exam 1900 - 1918: Underlying Causes of WW1

  • M.A.I.N.

    • M - Militarism

      • Building up military strength and/or threatening others with armed conflict.

      • Used to challenge nations for new territories and protect existing empires.

    • A - Alliance System

      • Formation of alliances between countries.

      • Intended to maintain peace in Europe.

      • Triple Entente: Britain, France, Russia (Allies).

      • Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria, Italy (Central Powers).

    • I - Imperialism

      • Extending a nation’s authority through economic, political, or military means; acquisition of colonies.

      • Colonies were economically important.

      • Major empire builders: Britain, France, Russia, Germany, US.

    • N - Nationalism

      • Shared sense of cultural heritage and pride in one's country.

      • Grew from increased military power and the drive for overseas colonies.

Chain Reaction that Set Off the War

  • Tensions in the Balkans

    • Balkan countries fought for their freedom, fueled by strong nationalism.

    • Austria-Hungary (A-H) annexed Bosnia, which was home to many Serbs who resented A-H rule.

    • Serbs wanted to unite with Serbia and create a "Black Hand" organization.

    • A-H was concerned about Serb rebellion, fearing it could trigger other rebellions.

  • Russian Response

    • Russia vowed to protect Serbs from A-H, even if it meant war.

  • Sarajevo

    • Archduke Franz Ferdinand was assassinated by Gavrilo Princip, a Serbian and member of the Black Hand.

  • Ultimatum

    • A-H issued an ultimatum to Serbia:

      1. Suppress all nationalistic hatred toward A-H.

      2. Punish those involved in the assassination.

      3. Allow A-H to enter Serbia to defeat the Black Hand.

    • Serbia accepted all terms except the 3rd.

  • July 26th: Declaration of War

    • This led to a chain reaction of declarations of war.

War Declarations and Initial Actions

  • Russia and France mobilized their forces.

  • Germany declared war on Russia and France.

  • Germany attacked Belgium to reach France.

  • Britain declared war on Austria-Hungary and Germany.

  • Canada entered the war as part of the British Empire.

  • Italy initially remained neutral, then joined the Allies after signing the Treaty of London.

Schlieffen Plan

  • Created by Count von Schlieffen.

  • Designed for Germany to fight on two fronts (west and east).

  • Goal: Win the western front in 2 weeks by:

    • Advancing into Belgium, swinging around the French army, and encircling Paris, leading to France's collapse.

  • Assumption: Britain would not defend Belgium.

  • In Action:

    • Germans quickly overran Belgium.

    • They headed towards France but turned left too early, leaving them exposed and confused.

    • The Germans withdrew and were pursued in the Miracle of Marne.

Trench Warfare

  • Trenches protected soldiers from machine gun fire.

  • Layout:

    • 6 feet deep.

    • Ledges for shooting.

    • Sandbags to strengthen walls.

    • Duckboards for drainage.

    • Trenches were never straight to prevent enemies from shooting down the line.

    • Front lines for fighting, back lines for commanders, storage, and horses.

    • Connected by communication trenches.

    • Blind alleys to confuse enemies.

  • Bunkers:

    • Headquarters.

    • Sleeping quarters.

  • Saps:

    • Underground passages to no man's land used to make mines and listen for enemies.

  • No Man's Land:

    • The space between trenches filled with barbed wire and obstacles.

Key Battles

  • Ypres (1915)

    • First gas attack using chlorine gas.

  • Somme (1916)

    • Most disastrous battle for the British Army, commanded by General Haig.

    • 57,470 casualties on the first day, the highest for a single day of fighting.

    • 141-day battle with 1.25 million total deaths.

  • Vimy Ridge (1917)

    • Canadian General Arthur Currie led troops, who followed a massive barrage on German positions for the element of surprise.

    • Successfully took the ridge, marking a turning point in the war.

    • Canada began to gain autonomy.

  • Passchendaele (1917)

    • Capture of Passchendaele.

    • Waterlogged land that frustrated soldiers; many drowned in the mud.

    • Battle was a success but the territory was soon retaken by the Germans.

Social Changes

  • Role of Women

    • Women entered the workforce, taking jobs in factories and farms.

    • This led to women's suffrage.

    • Wartime Elections Act (1917) allowed nurses and close relatives of soldiers to vote.

    • Federal voting for women in 1918.

    • Dominion Election Act (1920) allowed women to run for parliament.

    • Famous Five: Irene Parlby, Louise McKinney, Nellie McClung, Henrietta Muir Edwards, Emily Murphy.

  • Rationing

    • Limited amounts of certain goods could be purchased.

    • Ration books were given to grocers.

    • Goods like rubber, meat, and metals were in short supply due to workers joining the military and Canadian businesses selling to the Allies.

  • Canadian Immigrants

    • Viewed with suspicion.

    • War Measures Act forced immigrants to register for the war, lose the right to vote, and be detained in labor camps if suspected.

    • Speaking enemy languages was banned.

Role of Government

  • Paying for War

    • Victory bonds: loans to the government.

    • Corporate tax.

    • Income tax.

  • Conscription

    • Prime Minister Robert Borden decided more troops were needed and asked parliament to pass a conscription bill.

    • Conscription Crisis

      • English Canadians mostly supported conscription.

      • Few volunteers came from Quebec and rural areas, who didn't believe in the war Britain was fighting.

      • Opposition: Henri Bourassa (leader of Quebec) and Wilfred Laurier (former PM and leader of the Liberals).

  • 1917 Election

    • Conservatives passed two bills:

      • Military Voters Act (MVA): allowed soldiers overseas and female relatives of soldiers to vote.

      • Wartime Elections Act (WEA): allowed mothers, sisters, and wives of soldiers in the armed forces, as well as nurses, to vote.

    • Formation of a Union Government, which won the majority except in Quebec.

    • Military Service Act (conscription): Compulsory military service for men aged 20-45, with exceptions for wartime production jobs, sick individuals, and conscientious objectors.

      • Caused riots and protests in Quebec.

Returning from WW1 (1919 - 1939)

  • Some soldiers took over a year to return home.

  • Many had married European women.

  • Many veterans were injured or disabled.

  • Hospitals provided free healthcare.

  • Soldiers Settlement Act 1919: Provided a piece of farmland.

  • Pensions: Paid to veterans, widows, and wives and children of disabled veterans.

  • Problems: Many couldn't find jobs, keep up with mortgage payments, or deal with worsening disabilities.

  • Government Response: Unemployment assistance and bonuses on pensions.

  • Social Support System: Established to assist veterans.

  • 1927 Pension Act: Further legislation addressing veteran support.

Unions

  • OBU (One Big Union): Multiple smaller unions united to form one larger union.

  • Winnipeg General Strike (May 1, 1919): Spread from industry to industry to demand:

    • Decent wages (0.850.85/hour).

    • 8-hour workday.

    • Right to bargain for better working conditions.

Canada’s Growing Autonomy

  • Chanak Affair:

    • Turkish army threatened Chanak.

    • Britain decided to send troops and asked Canada for help.

    • Mackenzie King said parliament would decide.

    • Parliament did not support Britain.

  • Halibut Treaty:

    • Canada and US negotiated a treaty about fishing.

    • Britain prepared to sign for Canada, but Mackenzie King insisted Canada should sign on its own behalf.

  • King-Byng Affair:

    • Governor General Byng refused to dissolve parliament when asked by Mackenzie King.

    • Mackenzie King argued a British official shouldn't dictate to a Canadian PM.

    • Canadians agreed.

    • Concern over Governor General's power.

  • Balfour Report:

    • Imperial Conference.

    • Mackenzie King said dominions wanted to make their own foreign policies.

    • Special commission supported the dominions.

    • Balfour Report suggested: Autonomous communities within the empire, equal in status, united by allegiance to the crown.

  • Statute of Westminster:

    • Passed by Britain.

    • Made the Balfour Report law.

    • Canada was completely autonomous and could change its constitution.

Economy

  • 1920s economic boom followed by the 1930s Depression.

Inventions and Discoveries

  • The Automobile:

    • Ford Model T: inexpensive car for 395395.

  • The Radio:

    • Marconi: first wireless radio.

    • First transatlantic message from Ireland to Newfoundland.

    • Ted Rogers: powered the radio with electricity.

  • Aviation:

    • Used to deliver mail and medicine.

    • Small carrier planes transported people.

  • Insulin:

    • Frederick Banting and Charles Best isolated insulin in dogs and produced usable injections for people with diabetes.

  • Penicillin:

    • Alexander Fleming discovered by accident.

    • Mold contaminated experiment, and bacteria would not grow near mold.

    • Used to cure many infections.

Great Depression

  • A third of all Canadians had no job.

  • No employment insurance, family allowance, or government-funded healthcare.

  • Depended on relief.

  • King was slow to react, thought it would pass quickly, and argued social welfare was the responsibility of the provinces.

  • "Five Cent Speech": Said he wouldn't give a five-cent piece to any province without a Liberal government.

  • R.B. Bennett: Promised to find work, gave 2020 million to provinces for relief, and introduced high tariffs.

  • Relief Camps: Set up across the country: Offered work for food, shelter, and 20 cents per day.

  • On to Ottawa Trek: Protestors boarded freight trains to protest in Ottawa, demanding minimum wages and social insurance, but it was unsuccessful.

  • Humiliating times: People waited 10 months after losing jobs to apply for relief, which was barely enough to live on.

  • New terminology:

    • Bennett buggies: cars drawn by farm animals.

    • Bennett boroughs: shacks where unemployed people camped.

    • Bennett coffee: roasted wheat and barley.

Crash of 1929

  • Contributing Factors:

    • Overproduction + overexpansion: Factories produced more goods than they could sell, leading to losses and layoffs.

    • Dependence on few primary products (wheat, fish, minerals, pulp and paper), which needed to be sold on the world market.

    • Drought in the Prairies.

    • Dependence on the US: Economies were closely linked; high tariffs slowed international trade.

    • Too much buying on credit.

    • Weak stock market: Buying on margin led to debt; Black Tuesday caused Canadians to sell stocks, dropping their value.

1939 - 1945: Factors Leading to WW2

  • Germany was angry about the terms of the Treaty of Versailles after WW1:

    • War guilt was assigned to Germany.

    • Allies claimed reparations of 132132 billion marks (500500 billion USD).

    • Colonies were handed to the League of Nations.

    • Military restrictions: Air force disbanded, army limited to 100,000 soldiers, navy limited to 15,000 sailors, six battleships, no submarines.

    • No German troops allowed in the Rhineland.

    • Territorial losses: Alsace-Lorraine returned to France, West Prussia and the Polish Corridor given to Poland, the Saarland taken over by the League of Nations.

  • Hitler rose to power, broke rules, and took land.

  • Countries tried appeasement but failed.

  • 1939: Germany invaded Poland, prompting Britain, France, and Canada to declare war.

  • Appeasement: Britain and France let Hitler take land and break rules to avoid war

  • Invasion of Manchuria (Japan): No sanctions imposed.

  • Invasion of Abyssinia (Italy): Started opposing sanctions and appeasement.

  • Invasion of Rhineland (Germany)- League of Nations did nothing

  • Annexation of Austria (Germany)- Marched into Austria with no resistance and the League did nothing

  • Given Sudetenland (germany)- Hitler is given Czechoslovakian areas in efforts of appeasement

Isolationism

  • Canada’s initial reluctance to get involved in European conflicts.

Nazism vs. Communism

  • Hitler (Nazi Germany) hated communism (Soviet Union).

  • Despite this, they signed a non-aggression pact and secretly agreed to divide Poland (Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact).

Propaganda

  • Used to control public opinion, promote hatred of enemies, and extreme nationalism. Hitler used it to maintain power

Countries Entering the War

  • Japan sided with the Axis powers.

Battle of Britain (1940)

  • First battle fought entirely in the air.

    • Hitler wanted to destroy the RAF (Royal Air Force), bomb factories, and crush British morale for a ground invasion.

    • The German Luftwaffe damaged airfields and factories.

    • Canada had the largest non-British group of pilots and aircraft in the battle.

    • Hitler failed, marking Britain's first major victory.

Conscientious Objectors

  • People refused military service due to religious or moral beliefs.

  • Alternative service included farming, forestry, and hospital work.

Land Battles Canadians Participated In

  • Hong Kong

    • Canadian troops sent to defend from the Japanese.

    • They were not well-equipped and surrendered after 17 days of fighting.

  • Dieppe

    • Canadian and British troops sent to relieve German pressure on the Soviets.

    • German forces were ready for the attack and countered, resulting in 1900 POWs taken by the Germans.

    • Important lessons were learned: Fire support from sea and air to overwhelm the Germans.

  • Ortona

    • Fought in the small town of Ortona, Italy.

    • Had to take the town street by street and house by house.

    • Mouseholing technique: After taking a house, they blasted a hole from the attic into the neighboring house and used grenades and machine gun fire.

  • D-Day

    • Fought at Normandy, France.

    • Took months to plan a deception.

    • 1.251.25 million American troops, a similar amount of British troops, and 30,000 Canadians invaded Normandy.

    • Beaches were separated into 5 sections.

    • Canada’s largest military operation on Juno Beach advanced 1010 km at the cost of 335 lives and led to the liberation of the Netherlands.

VE Day and VJ Day

  • VE Day: May 8th (German surrender).

  • VJ Day: August 10th (Japan surrender).

1945-1982: Communism

  • The Bolsheviks

    • Group of Russian workers, peasants, and soldiers who revolted against the Tsar and the elite.

    • Caused the Russian Revolution of 1917 due to anger at Russia’s involvement and death toll in World War One.

    • Under Lenin, seized power after a civil war and instituted communism.

    • Western powers viewed Russian communism and German Nazism as equal threats and supported the Tsar.

  • The Rise of Stalin

    • Joseph Stalin wanted total government control of communism.

    • Upon Lenin’s death, tricked Trotsky into missing the government funeral, had him banned from the party, and seized government control.

    • Began show trials to eliminate all opposition.

    • Began a series of 5-year plans to centralize Russian agriculture, manufacturing, and economy in his control.

    • Resulted in a widespread famine that killed tens of millions.

  • Mao in China

    • Inspired by the Bolsheviks, the CCP (Chinese Communist Party) was created.

    • Mao Zedong was the leader.

    • The KMT was formed to counter the CCP because they disagreed on how the country should run.

    • A civil war ensued between communists (CCP) and nationalists (KMT).

    • The KMT won, and the CCP undertook a long march to Northern China.

    • Civil war broke out again in 1945.

    • This time, the communists won, and the KMT fled to Taiwan.

    • Mao started the “Great Leap Forward”, which resulted in famine and tens of millions of deaths.

    • Then, he purged the country of all opposition via “The Cultural Revolution,” killing millions.

  • UN

    • International organization created in 1945 to promote peace and cooperation
      *UN Security Council had an emergency meeting because of the Korean War

    • The Soviets did not attend the meeting and the UN decided to send a military force to defend the South

  • Korean War

    • Korea was divided, with the Soviet Union occupying the Northern half and the US occupying the Southern half.

    • The UN was trying to unite the two Koreas but was unsuccessful.
      Because there were not successful UN troops were sent to the Suez Canal to find a solution

  • Suez Canal

    • Egyptians seized control of the canal.

    • Britain, France, and Israel responded with an attack.

    • The Soviets threatened to back Egypt, prompting the US to back up the opposition.
      Lester B. Pearson suggested: -
      All foreign troops out of egypt so that it could be settled without violence, The force would attack only if attacked at. Crisis blew over
      UN emerged Force, Nobel Peace Prize
      Soviet Defector revealed spy network ( Gouzenko started cold war exposed spy ring

COLD WAR- tensions between capitalist west and communist east

  • The Democratic west did not want to lose capitalisic rights in a communist takeover
    Played out in proxy wars, espionage, an arms race, and the space race
    Democratic countries on the west , while communist on the east, controlled by Stalin
    Countries on the west created North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
    Soviets created their own military alliance Warsaw Pact, Peace keeping sending troops to maintain, peacemaking troops to stop conflicts
    Canada PM 1948-1957 Louis St. Laurent Goal bring Newfoundland to confederation, Great Lakes to Atlantic Ocean- Laurence Seaway Government failed after forcing an unpopular pipeline project
    PM 1957-1963 John Diefenbaker Train Lawer- Made Woman to cabinet+ Canada introduced Bill of Rights- Cancel the Avro Arrow accepted 56
    Anti Nuclear protests

International Aid

Motives:
Humanitarian- moral obligation to help less prosperous countries, Country should strengthen the economies, Country is less likely to Dictatorships and Revolutions
PM 1963-1968 Lester Pearson things to do because (Quebec wanted home in Canada)
Royal Commission on bilingualism
New Canadian Flag- Separate Identity from Britain
Institutions aim to assimilate Indigenous children

Residential Schools

  • Residential Schools
    Institutions aim to assimilate Indigenous children
    Government-funded church ran boarding schools
    Indigenous children forcibly taken to residential schools

  • Attendance was mandatory after the indian act
    Forbidden from speaking their indigenous language
    Subjected to emotional, physical, and sexual abuse
    Harsh discipline+ Poor nutrition made a lot of Indigenous die, Led to Mental Health Issues, Indig.Comm, 60 scoop Indigenous in Non Indeginous Homes

Criminal Law Amendment Act

Role of change in Society- Church decline protested, Trudeau created code
modified homosexuality LEGAL+ contraction legal+ abortion permitted+ charity +Gambling
Driving law+ Divorce Law -No state in Bed rooms Quiet Revolution +Modern Secular Emphasis, Private Businesses, Foreign Investments+ Operated by the Church DuplessisEra+ UN national- Quiet Revolution Provincial Leader = Jean Lesage- Less Investments + MORE Provincial More Program Control, pride national swelling

Separatism

  • Perceived injustices with Ottawa+ English Canadians No English schools + No Hospitak+ FLQ(Violnece) Rene + Trudo Servants+ Official Languages of OCTORBER = JAMES

Crisis October

James Cross, Trudeau-war Measures Act(similar Martial Law)Civil RIGHT 2 months Later Kidnappers were Found. From there , 1982 was started

PM 1984-1993- Brian Mulroney

Free Trade TRADE (Canada was Eliminated Reform Party wanted political system to Represent Interests- Government spending and privatize system PM 1993-2003 Globalization Agreements- Reduce and Eliminate Tariffs, Selling Trade quick , Reduce restrictions, Worry the US and CAN culture will interfere, -APEC- Technology - (G8) Organization,American States

Canadian Peacekeeping Missions

Gulf Weaponry

  • Set Fire UN Weaponry
    Civil warring UN to feed

Somalia Civil warring UN to feed

*UN campaign 2 US helicopters were shot down
Teenager killed troops

Made in Germany UN assist Serb forces, Troops assist UN Serb Forces- NATO bombing

Rwanda President Plane Hutus +Tutsis Tutsis retake ended the country

UN Support for the US forces- Haiti UN Restore- StateMichaele Jean Kosova Consited Under Melosevic Serba air raids Canada 1997 Serbs
The UN recognized Kosovo 200 with a leader in canada

MMIMW: discriminations Murderer Indigenous Women

  • Freedom of religion+ laws - Queer Bill religious symbols
    Alan Turning(1936) -Created microchips First Apple personal Computer

Kyoto Crisis and Paris Agreement

Kyoto- jean to reduce , withdrew unrealistic
Agreement- Justin to combat climate change